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. 2016 Jun 2;8(6):170.
doi: 10.3390/toxins8060170.

A Systematic Investigation into the Environmental Fate of Microcystins and The Potential Risk: Study in Lake Taihu

Junmei Jia  1   2   3   4 , Qiuwen Chen  5 , Torben L Lauridsen  6   7
Affiliations

A Systematic Investigation into the Environmental Fate of Microcystins and The Potential Risk: Study in Lake Taihu

Junmei Jia et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

A systematic investigation was conducted in Lake Taihu in autumn of 2013 and 2014, in order to understand the environmental fate of microcystins (MCs) and evaluate the health risk from MCs. Samples of water, algal cells, macrophytes, shrimps and fish were taken to detect MCs by HPLC-MS/MS after solid phase extraction. Widespread MC contamination in water, algal cells, macrophytes, shrimps and fish was found in Lake Taihu. The ubiquitous presence of MCs in water, algal cells and biota was found in 100% of samples. MC accumulation was in the order of primary producer > tertiary consumer > secondary consumer > primary consumer. The highest levels of MCs in macrophytes, shrimps and fish tissue were found in Potamogeton maackianus, Exopalaemon modestus, and Hyporhamphus intermedius, respectively. The MCs level in shrimps and the tissues of three fish species, Neosalanx tangkahkeii taihuensis, Coilia ectenes and silver carp, was closely linked to their dietary exposure. Ceratophyllum demersum L. was an ideal plant for introduction into lakes to protect against Microcystis blooms and MCs, due to its ability to absorb nutrients, accumulate large amounts of MCs and tolerate these toxins compared to other macrophytes. The average daily intakes (ADIs) of MCs for Exopalaemon modestus and three fish species, Coilia ectenes, Hyporhamphus intermedius and Carassius carassius, were all above the tolerable daily intakes (TDI) set by the World Health Organization (WHO), implying there existed potential threats to human health.

Keywords: Lake Taihu; bioaccumulation; environment fate; health risk; microcystins.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
MC concentrations in three hydrophyte species from different areas of Lake Taihu in autumn of 2013 and 2014. (A) Ceratophyllum inflatum Jao in autumn of 2013; (B) Ceratophyllum demersum L. in autumn of 2013; (C) Potamogeton maackianus in autumn of 2013; (D) Potamogeton maackianus in autumn of 2014. NA, No data.
Figure 2
Figure 2
MC concentrations in two shrimp species sampled in MLB of Lake Taihu.
Figure 3
Figure 3
MC concentrations in the food web of Lake Taihu.
Figure 4
Figure 4
MC concentrations in fish sampled in MLB of Lake Taihu. NA, No data.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Sampling sites of water, hydrophytes and aquatic animals in Lake Taihu. TH, Taihu; MLB, Meiliang Bay; SC, South coast; WC, West coast; LC, lake centre.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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