Interaction between FTO gene variants and lifestyle factors on metabolic traits in an Asian Indian population

Abstract

Background: Lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity have been shown to modify the association between fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene variants and metabolic traits in several populations; however, there are no gene-lifestyle interaction studies, to date, among Asian Indians living in India. In this study, we examined whether dietary factors and physical activity modified the association between two FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs8050136 and rs11076023) (SNPs) and obesity traits and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: The study included 734 unrelated T2D and 884 normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) participants randomly selected from the urban component of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES). Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated interviewer administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Physical activity was based upon the self-report. Interaction analyses were performed by including the interaction terms in the linear/logistic regression model.

Results: There was a significant interaction between SNP rs8050136 and carbohydrate intake (% energy) (Pinteraction = 0.04), where the 'A' allele carriers had 2.46 times increased risk of obesity than those with 'CC' genotype (P = 3.0 × 10(-5)) among individuals in the highest tertile of carbohydrate intake (% energy, 71 %). A significant interaction was also observed between SNP rs11076023 and dietary fibre intake (Pinteraction = 0.0008), where individuals with AA genotype who are in the 3(rd) tertile of dietary fibre intake had 1.62 cm lower waist circumference than those with 'T' allele carriers (P = 0.02). Furthermore, among those who were physically inactive, the 'A' allele carriers of the SNP rs8050136 had 1.89 times increased risk of obesity than those with 'CC' genotype (P = 4.0 × 10(-5)).

Conclusions: This is the first study to provide evidence for a gene-diet and gene-physical activity interaction on obesity and T2D in an Asian Indian population. Our findings suggest that the association between FTO SNPs and obesity might be influenced by carbohydrate and dietary fibre intake and physical inactivity. Further understanding of how FTO gene influences obesity and T2D through dietary and exercise interventions is warranted to advance the development of behavioral intervention and personalised lifestyle strategies, which could reduce the risk of metabolic diseases in this Asian Indian population.

Keywords: Asian Indian; BMI; CURES; Carbohydrate intake; Dietary fibre; FTO gene variant; Obesity; Physical activity; Type 2 diabetes.

Fig. 1

Interaction of the FTO gene polymorphism (rs8050136) with carbohydrate energy percentage on obesity. The ‘A’ allele carriers (XA = CA + AA) who are in the 3^rd tertile of carbohydrate energy percentage have 2.46 times increased risk of obesity (P = 1.0 × 10⁻⁵). *Odds ratio adjusted for age, gender and diabetes

Fig. 2

a Interaction of the FTO gene polymorphism (rs11076023) with dietary fibre intake on waist circumference. The individuals with AA genotype who are in the 3^rd tertile of dietary fibre intake have 1.62 cm decrease in waist circumference compared to those with ‘T’ allele carriers (P = 0.02). b Interaction of the FTO gene polymorphism (rs11076023) with dietary fibre intake on body mass index. The individuals with AA genotype who are in the 3^rd tertile of dietary fibre intake have 0.50 kg/m² decrease in body mass index compared to those with ‘T’ allele carriers (P = 0.07)