Temporal orienting of attention can be preserved in normal aging

Abstract

Being able to orient our attention to moments in time is crucial for optimizing behavioral performance. In young adults, flexible cue-based temporal expectations have been shown to modulate perceptual functions and enhance behavioral performance. Recent studies with older individuals have reported significant deficits in cued temporal orienting. To investigate the extent of these deficits, the authors conducted 3 studies in healthy old and young adults. For each study, participants completed 2 tasks: a reaction time (RT) task that emphasized speeded responding and a nonspeeded rapid-serial-visual-presentation task that emphasized visual discrimination. Auditory cues indicated the likelihood of a target item occurring after a short or long temporal interval (foreperiod; 75% validity). In the first study, cues indicating a short or a long foreperiod were manipulated across blocks. The second study was designed to replicate and extend the first study by manipulating the predictive temporal cues on a trial-by-trial basis. The third study extended the findings by including neutral cues so that it was possible to separate cueing validity benefits and invalidity costs. In all 3 studies, cued temporal expectation conferred significant performance advantages for target stimuli occurring after the short foreperiod for both old and young participants. Contrary to previous findings, these results suggest that the ability to allocate attention to moments in time can be preserved in healthy aging. Further research is needed to ascertain whether similar neural networks are used to orient attention in time as we age, and/or whether compensatory mechanisms are at work in older individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record

Figure 1

Schematic illustration of the speeded reaction time (RT) task and the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Auditory cues predicted when target events were more likely to occur. (a) Speeded RT task. Targets consisted of green circular patches presented foveally. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the green patch by pressing the left arrow key on a standard keyboard with their right index finger. (b) RSVP task. Targets were either an X or an O that was presented foveally. Participants were instructed to hold off on responding until the end of the trial, and to press the left arrow key if they thought they saw an X and the right arrow key if they thought they saw an O. See the online article for the color version of this figure.

Figure 2

Temporal orienting effects in Experiment 1 (blocked design). (a) Effects of temporal expectations on reaction time (RT) values (ms) in the speeded RT task. (b) Effects of temporal expectations on sensitivity scores (d′) to the target items in the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Error bars represent SEM. Asterisk values denote significant effects.

Figure 3

Temporal orienting effects in Experiment 2 (trial-by-trial design). (a) Effects of temporal expectations on reaction time (RT) values (ms) in the speeded RT task. (b) Effects of temporal expectations on sensitivity scores (d′) to the target items in the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Error bars represent SEM. Asterisk values denote significant effects.

Figure 4

Sequential effects for the speeded reaction time (RT) task and rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Error bars represent SEM. The analysis was limited to validly cued targets preceded by validly cued targets. (a) Reaction time values (ms) in the speeded RT task. (b) Sensitivity scores (d′) in the RSVP task. Asterisk values denote significant effects.

Figure 5

Temporal orienting effects in Experiment 3. (a) Effects of temporal expectations on reaction time (RT) values (ms) in the speeded RT task. (b) Effects of temporal expectations on sensitivity scores (d′) to the target items in the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Error bars represent SEM. Asterisk values denote significant effects.