Does canine inflammatory bowel disease influence gut microbial profile and host metabolism?

Abstract

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a diverse group of chronic gastrointestinal diseases, and gut microbial dysbiosis has been proposed as a modulating factor in its pathogenesis. Several studies have investigated the gut microbial ecology of dogs with IBD but it is yet unclear if this microbial profile can alter the nutrient metabolism of the host. The aim of the present study was to characterize the faecal bacterial profile and functionality as well as to determine host metabolic changes in IBD dogs. Twenty-three dogs diagnosed with IBD and ten healthy control dogs were included. Dogs with IBD were given a clinical score using the canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI). Faecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia concentrations were measured and quantitative PCR was performed. The concentration of plasma amino acids, acylcarnitines, serum folate, cobalamin, and indoxyl sulfate was determined.

Results: No significant differences in the abundance of a selection of bacterial groups and fermentation metabolites were observed between the IBD and control groups. However, significant negative correlations were found between CCECAI and the faecal proportion of Lactobacillus as well as between CCECAI and total SCFA concentration. Serum folate and plasma citrulline were decreased and plasma valine was increased in IBD compared to control dogs. Increased plasma free carnitine and total acylcarnitines were observed in IBD compared with control dogs, whereas short-chain acylcarnitines (butyrylcarnitine + isobutyrylcarnitine and, methylmalonylcarnitine) to free carnitine ratios decreased. Dogs with IBD had a higher 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine + isovalerylcarnitine to leucine ratio compared to control dogs.

Conclusions: Canine IBD induced a wide range of changes in metabolic profile, especially for the plasma concentrations of short-chain acylcarnitines and amino acids, which could have evolved from tissue damage and alteration in host metabolism. In addition, dogs with more severe IBD were characterised by a decrease in faecal proportion of Lactobacillus.

Keywords: Acylcarnitine profile; Butyrate-producing bacteria; Citrulline; Dog; Fermentation; Inflammatory bowel disease; Lactobacillus; Microbiota; Short-chain fatty acid.

Fig. 1

Correlations between canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) and several parameters. a The relative faecal abundance of Lactobacillus (n = 25); b total faecal SCFA concentrations (n = 25); c the ratio of plasma C4 (butyrylcarnitine + isobutyrylcarnitine) to C0 (free carnitine) (n = 32); d plasma valine (n = 32); e plasma citrulline (n = 32); and f plasma alanine concentrations (n = 32). Figure illustration: The faecal proportions of Lactobacillus are negatively correlated with CCECAI scores a; the total SCFA concentrations are negatively correlated with CCECAI scores b; the C4/C0 ratios are negatively correlated with CCECAI scores c; the plasma citrilline concentrations are negatively correlated with CCECAI scores d; the plasma valine concentrations are positively correlated with CCECAI scores e; the plasma alanine concentrations are negatively correlated with CCECAI scores f