Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2016 May;6(4):383-400.
doi: 10.2217/pmt-2016-0006. Epub 2016 Jun 16.

Management of fibromyalgia syndrome in 2016

Akiko Okifuji  1 , Jeff Gao  1 , Christina Bokat  1 , Bradford D Hare  1
Affiliations
Review

Management of fibromyalgia syndrome in 2016

Akiko Okifuji et al. Pain Manag. 2016 May.

Abstract

Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic pain disorder and defies definitively efficacious therapy. In this review, we summarize the results from the early treatment research as well as recent research evaluating the pharmacological, interventional and nonpharmacological therapies. We further discuss future directions of fibromyalgia syndrome management; we specifically focus on the issues that are associated with currently available treatments, such as the need for personalized approach, new technologically oriented and interventional treatments, the importance of understanding and harnessing placebo effects and enhancement of patient engagement in therapy.

Keywords: exercise; fibromyalgia; interventional treatment; multidisciplinary therapy; pharmacological treatment; placebo; treatment engagement.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Financial & competing interests disclosure A Okifuji has received a grant from the NIH (U34AR067378). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Figures

<b>Figure 1.</b>
Figure 1.. Percentage of the patients reporting greater than 30% pain reduction by dose for pregabalin, duloxetine, and milnacipran.
b.i.d.: Twice daily; q.d.: Once daily. Data taken from [35,38,45].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee [see comments] Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(2):160–172. - PubMed
    1. White KP, Speechley M, Harth M, Ostbye T. The London Fibromyalgia Epidemiology Study: direct health care costs of fibromyalgia syndrome in London, Canada. J. Rheumatol. 1999;26(4):885–889. - PubMed
    1. Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(1):26–35. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Arroyo JF, Cohen ML. Abnormal responses to electrocutaneous stimulation in fibromyalgia [see comments] J. Rheumatol. 1993;20(11):1925–1931. - PubMed
    1. Gibson SJ, Littlejohn GO, Gorman MM, Helme RD, Granges G. Altered heat pain thresholds and cerebral event-related potentials following painful CO2 laser stimulation in subjects with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain. 1994;58(2):185–193. - PubMed