Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg Strains, the Netherlands(1)

Abstract

Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg strains (JF6X01.0022/XbaI.0251, JF6X01.0326/XbaI.1966, JF6X01.0258/XbaI.1968, and JF6X01.0045/XbaI.1970) have been identified in the United States with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Our examination of isolates showed introduction of these strains in the Netherlands and highlight the need for active surveillance and intervention strategies by public health organizations.

Keywords: AmpC; IncI1 plasmids; Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg; Salmonella infections; antibacterial agents; antimicrobial resistance; bacteria; extended-spectrum cephalosporins; the Netherlands.

Figure 1

Occurrence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates, the Netherlands, 1999–2013.

Figure 2

Characteristics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates, the Netherlands, 1999–2013. The dendrogram was generated by using BioNumerics version 6.6 (Applied Maths, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium) and indicates results of a cluster analysis on the basis of XbaI–pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) fingerprinting. Similarity between the profiles was calculated with the Dice similarity coefficient and used 1% optimization and 1% band tolerance as position tolerance settings. The dendrogram was constructed with the UPGMA method based on the resulting similarity matrix. Amp, ampicillin; Cip, ciprofloxacin; Chl, chloramphenicol; Col, colistin; Fot, cefotaxime; FPA, food-producing animals; Gen, gentamicin; HI, human infection; Kan, kanamycin; Nal, nalidixic acid; ND, not determined (i.e., refers to isolates recovered in the Netherlands but with unknown origin of the sample); pCC, plasmid clonal complex; PM, poultry meat; pST, plasmid sequence type; Smx, sulfamethoxazole; Str, streptomycin; Taz, ceftazidime; Tet, tetracycline; Tmp, trimethoprim. *Pattern numbers assigned by The European Surveillance System molecular surveillance service of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control database and corresponding pattern numbers from the PulseNet database (http://www.cdc.gov/pulsenet/index.html). †Results refer to the conjugation frequencies during filter-mating experiments. ‡Chromosomal location confirmed by I-CeuI PFGE of total bacterial DNA, followed by Southern blot hybridization. §No transconjugants were obtained after liquid and filter-mating experiments, suggesting the presence of nonconjugative plasmids or conjugation frequencies below detection limits. ¶Insertion sequences ISEcp1, ISCR1, or IS26 were not found upstream of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes for these PFGE types. #This PFGE fingerprint was not submitted to The European Surveillance System molecular surveillance service of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control database for name assignment.