Review

. 2016 Sep;3(3):322-34.

doi: 10.1007/s40572-016-0096-x.

Use of Pathogen-Specific Antibody Biomarkers to Estimate Waterborne Infections in Population-Based Settings

Natalie G Exum¹, Nora Pisanic¹, Douglas A Granger^{2

3

4

5}, Kellogg J Schwab¹, Barbara Detrick⁶, Margaret Kosek⁷, Andrey I Egorov⁸, Shannon M Griffin⁹, Christopher D Heaney^{10

11}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
² Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
³ Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁴ Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁵ Department of Acute and Chronic Care, School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁶ Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁷ Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁸ National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
⁹ National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. cheaney1@jhu.edu.
¹¹ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Room W7033B, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205-2179, USA. cheaney1@jhu.edu.

PMID: 27352014
PMCID: PMC5424709
DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0096-x

Review

Use of Pathogen-Specific Antibody Biomarkers to Estimate Waterborne Infections in Population-Based Settings

Natalie G Exum et al. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2016 Sep.

. 2016 Sep;3(3):322-34.

doi: 10.1007/s40572-016-0096-x.

Authors

Natalie G Exum¹, Nora Pisanic¹, Douglas A Granger^{2

3

4

5}, Kellogg J Schwab¹, Barbara Detrick⁶, Margaret Kosek⁷, Andrey I Egorov⁸, Shannon M Griffin⁹, Christopher D Heaney^{10

11}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
² Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
³ Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁴ Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁵ Department of Acute and Chronic Care, School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁶ Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁷ Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁸ National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
⁹ National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. cheaney1@jhu.edu.
¹¹ Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Room W7033B, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205-2179, USA. cheaney1@jhu.edu.

PMID: 27352014
PMCID: PMC5424709
DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0096-x

Abstract

Purpose of review: This review discusses the utility of pathogen-specific antibody biomarkers for improving estimates of the population burden of waterborne infections, assessing the fraction of infections that can be prevented by specific water treatments, and understanding transmission routes and the natural history and ecology of disease in different populations (including asymptomatic infection rates).

Recent findings: We review recent literature on the application of pathogen-specific antibody response data to estimate incidence and prevalence of acute infections and their utility to assess the contributions of waterborne transmission pathways. Advantages and technical challenges associated with the use of serum versus minimally invasive salivary antibody biomarkers in cross-sectional and prospective surveys are discussed. We highlight recent advances and challenges and outline future directions for research, development, and application of antibody-based and other immunological biomarkers of waterborne infections.

Keywords: Antibodies; Biomarkers; Immunoconversion; Pathogens; Saliva; Serology; Waterborne infections.

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Figures

**Fig. 1**
The iceberg concept of waterborne infection surveillance. Some of the “host response” information listed in Fig. 1 is adapted from Kaslow et al. [105]

**Fig. 2**
Temporal pattern of antibody responses during infection with a waterborne pathogen

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Use of Pathogen-Specific Antibody Biomarkers to Estimate Waterborne Infections in Population-Based Settings

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