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. 2016 Jun 29;2016(6):CD006941.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006941.pub2.

Opioids for restless legs syndrome

César Osório de Oliveira  1 , Luciane Bc Carvalho, Karla Carlos, Cristiane Conti, Marcio M de Oliveira, Lucila Bf Prado, Gilmar F Prado
Affiliations

Opioids for restless legs syndrome

César Osório de Oliveira et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a distressing and common neurological disorder that may have a huge impact in the quality of life of those with frequent and intense symptoms. Patients complain of unpleasant sensations in the legs, at or before bedtime, and feel an urge to move the legs, which improves with movement, such as walking. Symptoms start with the patient at rest (e.g. sitting or lying down), and follow a circadian pattern, increasing during the evening or at night. Many pharmacological intervention are available for RLS, including drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease (L-Dopa and dopaminergic agonists), epilepsy (anticonvulsants), anxiety (benzodiazepines), and pain (opioids). Dopaminergic drugs are those most frequently used for treatment of RLS, but some patients do not respond effectively and require other medication. Opioids, a class of medications used to treat severe pain, seem to be effective in treating RLS symptoms, and are recommended for patients with severe symptoms, because RLS and pain appear to share the same mechanism in the central nervous system. All available drugs are associated to some degree with side effects, which can impede treatment. Opioids are associated with adverse events such as constipation, tolerance, and dependence. This justifies the conduct of a systematic review to ascertain whether opioids are safe and effective for treatment of RLS.

Objectives: To asses the effects of opioids compared to placebo treatment for restless legs syndrome in adults.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, CENTRAL 2016, issue 4 and MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS up to April 2016, using a search strategy adapted by Cochraneto identify randomised clinical trials. We checked the references of each study and established personal communication with other authors to identify any additional studies. We considered publications in all languages.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled clinical trials of opioid treatment in adults with idiopathic RLS.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened articles, independently extracted data into a standard form, and assessed for risk of bias. If necessary, they discussed discrepancies with a third researcher to resolve any doubts.

Main results: We included one randomised clinical trial (N = 304 randomised; 204 completed; 276 analysed) that evaluated opioids (prolonged release oxycodone/naloxone) versus placebo. After 12 weeks, RSL symptoms had improved more in the drug group than in the placebo group (using the IRLSSS: MD -7.0; 95% CI -9.69 to -4.31 and the CGI: MD -1.11; 95% CI -1.49 to -0.73). More patients in the drug group than in the placebo group were drug responders (using the IRLSSS: RR 1.82; 95% CI 1.37 to 2.42 and the CGI: RR1.92; 95% ICI 1.49 to 2.48). The proportion of remitters was greater in the drug group than in the placebo group (using the IRLSSS: RR 2.14; 95% CI 1.45 to 3.16). Quality of life scores also improved more in the drug group than in the placebo group (MD -0.73; 95% CI -1.1 to -0.36). Quality of sleep was improved more in the drug group measured by sleep adequacy (MD -0.74; 95% CI -1.15 to -0.33), and sleep quantity (MD 0.89; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.26).There was no difference between groups for daytime somnolence, trouble staying awake during the day, or naps during the day. More adverse events were reported in the drug group (RR 1.22; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.39). The major adverse events were gastrointestinal problems, fatigue, and headache.

Authors' conclusions: Opioids seem to be effective for treating RLS symptoms, but there are no definitive data regarding the important problem of safety. This conclusion is based on only one study with a high dropout rate (moderate quality evidence).

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Conflict of interest statement

None known for all authors.

Figures

1
1
Diagram about search, excluded and included researches.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias criterion for each included study.
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 opioids and placebo, outcome: 1.1 RLS symptoms ‐ IRLSSS.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 opioids and placebo, outcome: 1.3 Drug responders ‐ IRLSSS.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 opioids and placebo, outcome: 1.5 Remitters ‐ IRLSSS.
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 1 opioids and placebo, outcome: 1.12 Adverse Events.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 1 RLS symptoms ‐ IRLSSS.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 2 RLS symptoms ‐ CGI.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 3 Drug responders ‐ IRLSSS.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 4 Drug responders ‐ CGI.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 5 Remitters ‐ IRLSSS.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 6 Sleep adequacy ‐ MOS.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 7 Sleep quantity ‐ MOS.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 8 Daytime somnolence ‐ MOS.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 9 Trouble staying awake during the day ‐ MOS.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 10 Naps during the day ‐ MOS.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 11 Quality of life ‐ RLS QoL.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 opioids and placebo, Outcome 12 Adverse Events.
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