Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2016 Jul-Aug;20(4):531-5.
doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.183473.

Growth status of small for gestational age Indian children from two socioeconomic strata

Vaman V Khadilkar  1 , Rubina M Mandlik  1 , Sonal A Palande  1 , Deepa S Pandit  1 , Meghna Chawla  2 , Ruchi Nadar  3 , Shashi A Chiplonkar  1 , Sandeep S Kadam  4 , Anuradha A Khadilkar  1
Affiliations

Growth status of small for gestational age Indian children from two socioeconomic strata

Vaman V Khadilkar et al. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jul-Aug.

Abstract

Aims: To assess growth and factors associated with growth in children born small for gestational age (SGA) from two socioeconomic strata in comparison to age- and sex-matched healthy controls.

Methods: Retrospective study conducted at two hospitals in Pune, 0.5-5 years, 618 children: 189-SGA from upper socioeconomic strata (USS), 217-SGA from lower socioeconomic strata (LSS), and 212 appropriate for gestational age healthy controls were randomly selected. Birth and maternal history, socioeconomic status, length/height, and weight of children were recorded. Anthropometric data were converted to Z scores (height for age Z-score [HAZ], weight for age Z-score [WAZ]) using WHO AnthroPlus software.

Results: The HAZ and WAZ of the SGA group were significantly lower as compared to the controls and that of the LSS SGAs were lower than USS SGAs (P < 0.05). Thirty two percent children were stunted (HAZ <-2.0) in USS and 49% in LSS (P < 0.05). Twenty nine percent children in the USS SGA group were stunted at 2 years and 17% at 5 years. In the LSS SGA group, 54% children were stunted at 2 years and 46% at 5 years. Generalized linear model revealed normal vaginal delivery (β = 0.625) and mother's age (β =0.072) were positively associated and high SES (β = -0.830), absence of major illness (β = -1.01), higher birth weight (β = -1.34) were negatively associated for risk of stunting (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Children born SGA showed poor growth as compared to controls. Special attention to growth is necessary in children from LSS, very low birth weight babies, and those with major illnesses during early years of life.

Keywords: Children; growth; small for gestational age.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Percentage of stunted children formula image normal height (>−2.0 height for age Z-score) formula image Stunted (≤−2.0 height for age Z-score)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Percentage of Stunted children in upper socioeconomic strata and LSS at the age of 2 years and 5 years formula image 2 years formula image 5 years
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Lee AC, Katz J, Blencowe H, Cousens S, Kozuki N, Vogel JP, et al. National and regional estimates of term and preterm babies born small for gestational age in 138 low-income and middle-income countries in 2010. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1:e26–36. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bhargava SK, Ramji S, Srivastava U, Sachdev HP, Kapani V, Datta V, et al. Growth and sexual maturation of low birth weight children: A 14 year follow up. Indian Pediatr. 1995;32:963–70. - PubMed
    1. Bernstein PS, Divon MY. Etiologies of fetal growth restriction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1997;40:723–9. - PubMed
    1. de Zegher F, Francois I, van Helvoirt M, Van den Berghe G. Clinical review 89: Small as fetus and short as child: From endogenous to exogenous growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2021–6. - PubMed
    1. Kean V. Assessment of growth. In: Kliegman R, Bhrman R, Jenson HB, Stanson BF, editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa, USA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007. p. 72. Ch. 14.