Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps

Abstract

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is an important clinical entity diagnosed by the presence of both subjective and objective evidence of chronic sinonasal inflammation. Symptoms include anterior or posterior rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, hyposmia, and/or facial pressure or pain that last for a duration of more than 12 weeks. Nasal polyps are inflammatory lesions that project into the nasal airway, are typically bilateral, and originate from the ethmoid sinus. Males are more likely to be affected than females, but no specific genetic or environmental factors have been strongly linked to the development of this disorder to date. CRSwNP is frequently associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the clinical symptoms are not fully understood. Defects in the sinonasal epithelial cell barrier, increased exposure to pathogenic and colonized bacteria, and dysregulation of the host immune system are all thought to play prominent roles in disease pathogenesis. Additional studies are needed to further explore the clinical and pathophysiological features of CRSwNP so that biomarkers can be identified and novel advances can be made to improve the treatment and management of this disease.

Keywords: Chronic rhinosinusitis; Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps; Nasal polyp.

Figure 1. Imaging studies of nasal polyps

Sinus CT scan of a patient with CRSwNP (A). Benign (B) and malignant (C) nasal polyps are directly visualized in the nasal cavity by endoscopy.

Figure 2. Overview of CRSwNP pathogenesis

Colonization with microbes and accumulation of immune cells can lead to tissue injury, inflammation, and mucosal barrier loss in CRS.