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Case Reports
. 2016 May;43(3):203-22.
doi: 10.1159/000445852. Epub 2016 May 9.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

German Advisory Committee Blood (Arbeitskreis Blut), Subgroup ‘Assessment of Pathogens Transmissible by Blood’
Case Reports

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

German Advisory Committee Blood (Arbeitskreis Blut), Subgroup ‘Assessment of Pathogens Transmissible by Blood’. Transfus Med Hemother. 2016 May.
No abstract available

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Structure and organization of the HIV-1 genome. Shown are the reading frames of the genes coding for structural and regulatory proteins (see table 1): LTR = long terminal repeat; gag = group-specific antigen; pol = polymerase; env = envelope. In the case of the regulator genes, the proteins of tat and rev are composed of two gene regions. In HIV-2, vpx corresponds to the vpu gene. The 5´ and 3´ LTR nucleic acid sequences are not translated into protein. The genome consists of 9,200-9,600 nucleotides in the case of HIV-1 and approximately 9,800 nucleotides in the case of HIV-2 (drawing: Lutz Gürtler).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Schema of the phylogenetic tree of human and simian Lentiviruses using the analysis of a pol region of Lentiviruses. On the right side (in red) HIV-1 is displayed with its groups M, N, O and P (dotted lines). Branching within groups M and O indicates the different subtypes. Groups N and P cannot be differentiated into subtypes. HIV-1 has developed from zoonotic transmission of different immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz) originating from chimpanzees belonging to Pan troglodytes troglodytes troglodytes (central chimpanzee) but not from Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii (eastern chimpanzee). SIVgor of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) is phylogenetically grouped to HIV-1 group P and is therefore not listed. HIV-2 and its groups A to H (in blue) coincide phylogenetically with immunodeficiency viruses of mangabey (smm = sooty mangabey monkey). The designation of additional SIVs: mnd = Mandril (Mandrillus sphinx); drl = Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), col = colobus monkeys (Mantled guereza, Colobus guereza), gsn = greater spot nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans), mon = Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona); mus = Moustached gueneon (Cercopithecus cephus); deb = De Brazza's monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus); lho = group of L'hoesti monkeys (Cercopithecus l'hoest i); sun = sun tailed monkey (Cercopithecus solatus); syk = Sykes monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis); tal = Gabon (Northern) talapoin (Miopithecus oguensis); wrc = western red colobus (Procolobus badius); agm = African green monkey (Chlorocebus tantalus, C aethiops, C vervet). The schema of the phylogenetic tree of primate Lentiviruses (SIV, HIV) was developed according to publications by Sharp and Hahn, 2011 [3]; Santiago et al., 2005 [32]; Aulicino et al., 2012 [110]; Aghokeng et al., 2010 [218] and Holmes et al., 1995 [219].
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Schematic view of the HIV particle, corresponding electron micrograph (right) and immunoblot bands (left). Gp = Glycoprotein; p = protein; SU = surface protein; TM = transmembrane protein; gp120 (precursor of SU and TM); RT = reverse transcriptase; IN = integrase; CA = capsid protein; MA = matrix protein; PR = protease; NC = nucleic acid binding protein; LI = link protein. MHCs (major histocompatibility complexes) are HLA antigens. Localisation of the genes coding for the different structural, enzyme and regulatory proteins are shown in figure 1. Table 1 summarises the function of the different proteins. Graphic Hans Gelderblom, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Diagram of the temporal course of an untreated HIV infection. The time scale is initially weeks (acute phase), then months and finally years (stages 2 and 3). The key feature of viraemia is the undulation after the initial uninhibited HIV replication. The CD4 cell count decreases over time despite repeated recovery phases. HIV antibodies remain measurable for life, and the decrease of antibody response in stages 2 and 3 results from loss of core antibodies (anti p55, p24 and p17). The overall interval from infection with the virus to the onset of AIDS may vary without therapy from 2 to 25 years or longer. Graphic Lutz Gürtler.
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References

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    1. Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF, Cummins LB, Arthur LO, Peeters M, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH. Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature. 1999;397:436–441. - PubMed
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