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Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Jul 13;6(7):e011453.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011453.

Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS: a series of meta-analyses

Sergio Rueda  1 , Sanjana Mitra  2 , Shiyi Chen  2 , David Gogolishvili  2 , Jason Globerman  2 , Lori Chambers  3 , Mike Wilson  4 , Carmen H Logie  5 , Qiyun Shi  2 , Sara Morassaei  6 , Sean B Rourke  7
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS: a series of meta-analyses

Sergio Rueda et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objective: To conduct a systematic review and series of meta-analyses on the association between HIV-related stigma and health among people living with HIV.

Data sources: A structured search was conducted on 6 electronic databases for journal articles reporting associations between HIV-related stigma and health-related outcomes published between 1996 and 2013.

Study eligibility criteria: Controlled studies, cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies in people living with HIV were considered for inclusion.

Outcome measures: Mental health (depressive symptoms, emotional and mental distress, anxiety), quality of life, physical health, social support, adherence to antiretroviral therapy, access to and usage of health/social services and risk behaviours.

Results: 64 studies were included in our meta-analyses. We found significant associations between HIV-related stigma and higher rates of depression, lower social support and lower levels of adherence to antiretroviral medications and access to and usage of health and social services. Weaker relationships were observed between HIV-related stigma and anxiety, quality of life, physical health, emotional and mental distress and sexual risk practices. While risk of bias assessments revealed overall good quality related to how HIV stigma and health outcomes were measured on the included studies, high risk of bias among individual studies was observed in terms of appropriate control for potential confounders. Additional research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms behind the negative relationship between stigma and health to better inform interventions to reduce the impact of stigma on the health and well-being of people with HIV.

Conclusions: This systematic review and series of meta-analyses support the notion that HIV-related stigma has a detrimental impact on a variety of health-related outcomes in people with HIV. This review can inform the development of multifaceted, intersectoral interventions to reduce the impact of HIV-related stigma on the health and well-being of people living with HIV.

Keywords: SOCIAL MEDICINE.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of study included in meta-analysis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Risk of bias graph: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Risk of bias summary: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Stigma is associated with higher depressive symptoms (univariate and multivariate results).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Stigma is associated with higher emotional and mental distress (univariate results).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Stigma is associated with higher anxiety symptoms (univariate and multivariate results).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Stigma is associated with lower quality of life (univariate and multivariate results).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Stigma is associated with lower physical health (univariate results).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Stigma is associated with lower social support (univariate and multivariate results).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Stigma is associated with lower antiretroviral adherence (univariate and multivariate results).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Stigma is associated with lower access and usage of health and social services (univariate and multivariate results).
Figure 12
Figure 12
Stigma is associated with higher risk behaviour (univariate and multivariate results).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Thomas BE, Rehman F, Suryanarayanan D et al. . How stigmatizing is stigma in the life of people living with HIV: a study on HIV positive individuals from Chennai, South India. AIDS Care 2005;17:795–801. 10.1080/09540120500099936 - DOI - PubMed

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