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Review
. 2016 Jun 13;5(6):e003629.
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003629.

Sedation in the Electrophysiology Laboratory: A Multidisciplinary Review

Neal S Gerstein  1 , Andrew Young  2 , Peter M Schulman  2 , Eric C Stecker  3 , Peter M Jessel  4
Affiliations
Review

Sedation in the Electrophysiology Laboratory: A Multidisciplinary Review

Neal S Gerstein et al. J Am Heart Assoc. .
No abstract available

Keywords: ablation; anesthesia; cardioversion; electrophysiology; pacemakers.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
End‐tidal CO 2 waveforms. A, Capnography on ventilated patient. Note that since the circuit is completely closed with a continuously sampled measurement, the tracing appears quite linear with each breath as carbon dioxide is exhaled. This characteristic shape is only seen with an invasive breathing device completely sealing the airway from room air entrainment. B, Capnography illustrating a regular breathing pattern similar to that sampled from a nasal cannula during moderate sedation with the patient spontaneously ventilating. Note that the tracing is slightly irregular with each breath due to the variable room air entrainment into the sampling line. This is particularly evident if the patient were to breathe primarily through their mouth, such that a continuously sampled measurement from the nasal cannula may not sample any exhaled CO2. C, Capnography illustrating a progressively depressed respiratory rate with progressively smaller amounts of CO2 measured by the sampling line. This would indicate impending respiratory depression.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Oregon Health & Science University Anesthesiology use in electrophysiology lab 2011–2014. ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; EPS, electrophysiology study.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Systems of care flowsheet. AF, atrial fibrillation; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; DC, direct current; ETT, endotracheal tube; GA, general anesthesia; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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