. 2016 Aug;104(2):371-9.

doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.130252. Epub 2016 Jul 13.

Genetic and environmental effects on body mass index from infancy to the onset of adulthood: an individual-based pooled analysis of 45 twin cohorts participating in the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins) study

Karri Silventoinen¹, Aline Jelenkovic², Reijo Sund³, Yoon-Mi Hur⁴, Yoshie Yokoyama⁵, Chika Honda⁶, Jacob vB Hjelmborg⁷, Sören Möller⁷, Syuichi Ooki⁸, Sari Aaltonen⁹, Fuling Ji¹⁰, Feng Ning¹⁰, Zengchang Pang¹⁰, Esther Rebato¹¹, Andreas Busjahn¹², Christian Kandler¹³, Kimberly J Saudino¹⁴, Kerry L Jang¹⁵, Wendy Cozen¹⁶, Amie E Hwang¹⁷, Thomas M Mack¹⁶, Wenjing Gao¹⁸, Canqing Yu¹⁸, Liming Li¹⁸, Robin P Corley¹⁹, Brooke M Huibregtse¹⁹, Kaare Christensen²⁰, Axel Skytthe⁷, Kirsten O Kyvik²¹, Catherine A Derom²², Robert F Vlietinck²³, Ruth Jf Loos²⁴, Kauko Heikkilä²⁵, Jane Wardle²⁶, Clare H Llewellyn²⁶, Abigail Fisher²⁶, Tom A McAdams²⁷, Thalia C Eley²⁸, Alice M Gregory²⁹, Mingguang He³⁰, Xiaohu Ding³¹, Morten Bjerregaard-Andersen³², Henning Beck-Nielsen³³, Morten Sodemann³⁴, Adam D Tarnoki³⁵, David L Tarnoki³⁵, Maria A Stazi³⁶, Corrado Fagnani³⁶, Cristina D'Ippolito³⁶, Ariel Knafo-Noam³⁷, David Mankuta³⁸, Lior Abramson³⁷, S Alexandra Burt³⁹, Kelly L Klump³⁹, Judy L Silberg⁴⁰, Lindon J Eaves⁴⁰, Hermine H Maes⁴¹, Robert F Krueger⁴², Matt McGue⁴², Shandell Pahlen⁴², Margaret Gatz⁴³, David A Butler⁴⁴, Meike Bartels⁴⁵, Toos Cem van Beijsterveldt⁴⁵, Jeffrey M Craig⁴⁶, Richard Saffery⁴⁶, Duarte L Freitas⁴⁷, José Antonio Maia⁴⁸, Lise Dubois⁴⁹, Michel Boivin⁵⁰, Mara Brendgen⁵¹, Ginette Dionne⁵², Frank Vitaro⁵³, Nicholas G Martin⁵⁴, Sarah E Medland⁵⁴, Grant W Montgomery⁵⁵, Youngsook Chong⁵⁶, Gary E Swan⁵⁷, Ruth Krasnow⁵⁸, Patrik Ke Magnusson⁵⁹, Nancy L Pedersen⁵⁹, Per Tynelius⁶⁰, Paul Lichtenstein⁵⁹, Claire Ma Haworth⁶¹, Robert Plomin²⁸, Gombojav Bayasgalan⁶², Danshiitsoodol Narandalai⁶³, K Paige Harden⁶⁴, Elliot M Tucker-Drob⁶⁴, Sevgi Y Öncel⁶⁵, Fazil Aliev⁶⁶, Timothy Spector⁶⁷, Massimo Mangino⁶⁷, Genevieve Lachance⁶⁷, Laura A Baker⁶⁸, Catherine Tuvblad⁶⁹, Glen E Duncan⁷⁰, Dedra Buchwald⁷¹, Gonneke Willemsen⁴⁵, Finn Rasmussen⁶⁰, Jack H Goldberg⁷², Thorkild Ia Sørensen⁷³, Dorret I Boomsma⁴⁵, Jaakko Kaprio⁷⁴

Affiliations

¹ Departments of Social Research and Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; karri.silventoinen@helsinki.fi.
² Departments of Social Research and Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain;
³ Departments of Social Research and.
⁴ Department of Education, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, South Korea;
⁵ Department of Public Health Nursing, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan;
⁶ Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan;
⁷ The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, and.
⁸ Department of Health Science, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan;
⁹ Departments of Social Research and Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;
¹⁰ Department of Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention, Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China;
¹¹ Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain;
¹² HealthTwiSt GmbH, Berlin, Germany;
¹³ Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany;
¹⁴ Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA;
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
¹⁶ Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA;
¹⁷ Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, and.
¹⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China;
¹⁹ Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Boulder, CO;
²⁰ The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, and Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Clinical Genetics.
²¹ Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Odense Patient data Explorative Network, and.
²² Centre of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospitals, Ghent, Belgium;
²³ Centre of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;
²⁴ The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY;
²⁵ Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;
²⁶ Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
²⁷ Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, and.
²⁸ MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, and.
²⁹ Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom;
³⁰ State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;
³¹ State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;
³² Departments of Endocrinology and Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark;
³³ Departments of Endocrinology and.
³⁴ Departments of Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark;
³⁵ Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary;
³⁶ Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Rome, Italy;
³⁷ The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
³⁸ Hadassah Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel;
³⁹ Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI;
⁴⁰ Department of Human and Molecular Genetics.
⁴¹ Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA;
⁴² Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN;
⁴³ Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and.
⁴⁴ Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences Washington, DC;
⁴⁵ Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands;
⁴⁶ Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
⁴⁷ Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal;
⁴⁸ Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, Porto, University of Porto, Portugal;
⁴⁹ School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
⁵⁰ École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological, and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, Russian Federation;
⁵¹ Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada;
⁵² École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada;
⁵³ École de psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada;
⁵⁴ Genetic Epidemiology Department and.
⁵⁵ Molecular Epidemiology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia;
⁵⁶ Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea;
⁵⁷ Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA;
⁵⁸ Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA;
⁵⁹ Departments of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and.
⁶⁰ Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
⁶¹ MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom;
⁶² Healthy Twin Association of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia;
⁶³ Healthy Twin Association of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan;
⁶⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX;
⁶⁵ Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey;
⁶⁶ Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology.
⁶⁷ Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, London, United Kingdom;
⁶⁸ Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;
⁶⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro, Sweden;
⁷⁰ College of Medicine, Washington State University - Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA;
⁷¹ Washington State Twin Registry, Washington State University, Seattle, WA;
⁷² Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;
⁷³ MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (Section on Metabolic Genetics) and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen,Denmark; Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, The Capital Region, Denmark;
⁷⁴ Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, Helsinki, Finland.

PMID: 27413137
PMCID: PMC4962159
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.130252

Genetic and environmental effects on body mass index from infancy to the onset of adulthood: an individual-based pooled analysis of 45 twin cohorts participating in the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins) study

Karri Silventoinen et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Aug.

. 2016 Aug;104(2):371-9.

doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.130252. Epub 2016 Jul 13.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Departments of Social Research and Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; karri.silventoinen@helsinki.fi.
² Departments of Social Research and Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain;
³ Departments of Social Research and.
⁴ Department of Education, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, South Korea;
⁵ Department of Public Health Nursing, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan;
⁶ Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan;
⁷ The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, and.
⁸ Department of Health Science, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, Japan;
⁹ Departments of Social Research and Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;
¹⁰ Department of Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention, Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China;
¹¹ Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain;
¹² HealthTwiSt GmbH, Berlin, Germany;
¹³ Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany;
¹⁴ Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA;
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
¹⁶ Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA;
¹⁷ Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, and.
¹⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China;
¹⁹ Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Boulder, CO;
²⁰ The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, and Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Clinical Genetics.
²¹ Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Odense Patient data Explorative Network, and.
²² Centre of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospitals, Ghent, Belgium;
²³ Centre of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;
²⁴ The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY;
²⁵ Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;
²⁶ Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
²⁷ Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, and.
²⁸ MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, and.
²⁹ Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom;
³⁰ State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;
³¹ State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;
³² Departments of Endocrinology and Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark;
³³ Departments of Endocrinology and.
³⁴ Departments of Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark;
³⁵ Department of Radiology and Oncotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary;
³⁶ Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Rome, Italy;
³⁷ The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
³⁸ Hadassah Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel;
³⁹ Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI;
⁴⁰ Department of Human and Molecular Genetics.
⁴¹ Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA;
⁴² Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN;
⁴³ Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Departments of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and.
⁴⁴ Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences Washington, DC;
⁴⁵ Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands;
⁴⁶ Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
⁴⁷ Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal;
⁴⁸ Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, Porto, University of Porto, Portugal;
⁴⁹ School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
⁵⁰ École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological, and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, Russian Federation;
⁵¹ Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada;
⁵² École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada;
⁵³ École de psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada;
⁵⁴ Genetic Epidemiology Department and.
⁵⁵ Molecular Epidemiology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia;
⁵⁶ Department of Psychology, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea;
⁵⁷ Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA;
⁵⁸ Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA;
⁵⁹ Departments of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and.
⁶⁰ Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
⁶¹ MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom;
⁶² Healthy Twin Association of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia;
⁶³ Healthy Twin Association of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan;
⁶⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX;
⁶⁵ Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey;
⁶⁶ Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology.
⁶⁷ Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College, London, United Kingdom;
⁶⁸ Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA;
⁶⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro, Sweden;
⁷⁰ College of Medicine, Washington State University - Health Sciences Spokane, Spokane, WA;
⁷¹ Washington State Twin Registry, Washington State University, Seattle, WA;
⁷² Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;
⁷³ MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (Section on Metabolic Genetics) and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen,Denmark; Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, The Capital Region, Denmark;
⁷⁴ Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, Helsinki, Finland.

PMID: 27413137
PMCID: PMC4962159
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.130252

Abstract

Background: Both genetic and environmental factors are known to affect body mass index (BMI), but detailed understanding of how their effects differ during childhood and adolescence is lacking.

Objectives: We analyzed the genetic and environmental contributions to BMI variation from infancy to early adulthood and the ways they differ by sex and geographic regions representing high (North America and Australia), moderate (Europe), and low levels (East Asia) of obesogenic environments.

Design: Data were available for 87,782 complete twin pairs from 0.5 to 19.5 y of age from 45 cohorts. Analyses were based on 383,092 BMI measurements. Variation in BMI was decomposed into genetic and environmental components through genetic structural equation modeling.

Results: The variance of BMI increased from 5 y of age along with increasing mean BMI. The proportion of BMI variation explained by additive genetic factors was lowest at 4 y of age in boys (a(2) = 0.42) and girls (a(2) = 0.41) and then generally increased to 0.75 in both sexes at 19 y of age. This was because of a stronger influence of environmental factors shared by co-twins in midchildhood. After 15 y of age, the effect of shared environment was not observed. The sex-specific expression of genetic factors was seen in infancy but was most prominent at 13 y of age and older. The variance of BMI was highest in North America and Australia and lowest in East Asia, but the relative proportion of genetic variation to total variation remained roughly similar across different regions.

Conclusions: Environmental factors shared by co-twins affect BMI in childhood, but little evidence for their contribution was found in late adolescence. Our results suggest that genetic factors play a major role in the variation of BMI in adolescence among populations of different ethnicities exposed to different environmental factors related to obesity.

Keywords: BMI; children; genetics; international comparisons; twins.

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Figures

**FIGURE 1**
Proportions of natural logarithm of BMI variation with 95% CIs based on maximum likelihood estimation explained by additive genetic, shared environmental, and unique environmental factors by age and sex. The number of twin pairs varied from 2987 at 6 y of age to 17,028 at 3 y of age. Additive genetic factors in boys (A); additive genetic factors in girls (B); shared environmental factors in boys (C); shared environmental factors in girls (D); specific environmental factors in boys (E); specific environmental factors in girls (F).

**FIGURE 2**
Additive genetic correlations with 95% CIs based on maximum likelihood estimation within opposite-sex dizygotic pairs by age. The number of opposite-sex pairs varied from 753 at 6 y of age to 5272 at 3 y of age.

**FIGURE 3**
Proportions of natural logarithm of BMI variation with 95% CIs based on maximum likelihood estimation explained by additive genetic factors by age, sex, and region for European boys (A), European girls (B), North American and Australian boys (C), North American and Australian girls (D), East Asian boys (E), and East Asian girls (F). The number of twin pairs varied from 1107 at 6 y of age to 13,855 at 3 y of age in Europe, from 565 at 1 y of age to 5064 at 18 y of age in North America and Australia, and from 111 at 17 y of age to 2284 at 1 y of age in East Asia.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

How much do we know about the heritability of BMI?
Feng R. Feng R. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Aug;104(2):243-4. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.139451. Epub 2016 Jul 13. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016. PMID: 27413132 No abstract available.

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Genetic and environmental effects on body mass index from infancy to the onset of adulthood: an individual-based pooled analysis of 45 twin cohorts participating in the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins) study

Affiliations

Genetic and environmental effects on body mass index from infancy to the onset of adulthood: an individual-based pooled analysis of 45 twin cohorts participating in the COllaborative project of Development of Anthropometrical measures in Twins (CODATwins) study

Authors

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Abstract

Figures

Comment in

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Full Text Sources

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