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Review
. 2017 Jan;22(1):10-16.
doi: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1205303. Epub 2016 Jul 15.

Mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy induced by oxidative stress

David Calderón Guzman  1 , Hugo Juárez Olguín  2   3 , Ernestina Hernández García  2 , Armando Valenzuela Peraza  1 , Diego Zamora de la Cruz  3 , Monica Punzo Soto  2
Affiliations
Review

Mechanisms involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy induced by oxidative stress

David Calderón Guzman et al. Redox Rep. 2017 Jan.

Abstract

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the main complications in patients with diabetes and has been the leading cause of visual loss since 1990. Oxidative stress is a biological process resulting from excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This process contributes to the development of many diseases and disease complications. ROS interact with various cellular components to induce cell injury. Fortunately, there is an antioxidan t system that protects organisms against ROS. Indeed, when ROS exceed antioxidant capacity, the resulting cell injury can cause diverse physiological and pathological changes that could lead to a disease like DR.

Objective: This paper reviews the possible mechanisms of common and novel biomarkers involved in the development of DR and explores how these biomarkers could be used to monitor the damage induced by oxidative stress in DR, which is a significant complication in people with diabetes.

Conclusion: The poor control of glucemy in pacients with DB has been shown contribute to the development of complications in eyes as DR.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Diabetic retinopathy; Oxidative stress; Retinal damage.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pathway of FR generation through the addition of an electron to a stable molecule. The movement of electrons is accomplished by hydrogen attack on carbon atoms that substitute a released substrate.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FRs interact with other molecules through redox reactions to obtain a stable electron configuration. In a redox reaction, electron transfer among the participating chemical species will occur. One molecule loses free electrons (A): oxidation process and the other gains electrons (B): reduction process. This balance is necessary in reactions or interactions between proteins that participate in any cellular biochemical pathways.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The most frequent FR produced is the oxygen radical, in which oxygen is the functional center. The movement of electrons is through atoms or molecules with electrophilic properties, and this substrate is critical because it participates in all cellular processes of inflammation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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