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Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Jul 18;7(7):CD007025.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007025.pub4.

Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults

David R Foxcroft  1 , Lindsey Coombes, Sarah Wood, Debby Allen, Nerissa M L Almeida Santimano, Maria Teresa Moreira
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Motivational interviewing for the prevention of alcohol misuse in young adults

David R Foxcroft et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Alcohol use and misuse in young people is a major risk behaviour for mortality and morbidity. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a popular technique for addressing excessive drinking in young adults.

Objectives: To assess the effects of motivational interviewing (MI) interventions for preventing alcohol misuse and alcohol-related problems in young adults.

Search methods: We identified relevant evidence from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2015, Issue 12), MEDLINE (January 1966 to July 2015), EMBASE (January 1988 to July 2015), and PsycINFO (1985 to July 2015). We also searched clinical trial registers and handsearched references of topic-related systematic reviews and the included studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials in young adults up to the age of 25 years comparing MIs for prevention of alcohol misuse and alcohol-related problems with no intervention, assessment only or alternative interventions for preventing alcohol misuse and alcohol-related problems.

Data collection and analysis: We used the standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.

Main results: We included a total of 84 trials (22,872 participants), with 70/84 studies reporting interventions in higher risk individuals or settings. Studies with follow-up periods of at least four months were of more interest in assessing the sustainability of intervention effects and were also less susceptible to short-term reporting or publication bias. Overall, the risk of bias assessment showed that these studies provided moderate or low quality evidence.At four or more months follow-up, we found effects in favour of MI for the quantity of alcohol consumed (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.15 to -0.06 or a reduction from 13.7 drinks/week to 12.5 drinks/week; moderate quality evidence); frequency of alcohol consumption (SMD -0.14, 95% CI -0.21 to -0.07 or a reduction in the number of days/week alcohol was consumed from 2.74 days to 2.52 days; moderate quality evidence); and peak blood alcohol concentration, or BAC (SMD -0.12, 95% CI -0.20 to 0.05, or a reduction from 0.144% to 0.131%; moderate quality evidence).We found a marginal effect in favour of MI for alcohol problems (SMD -0.08, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.00 or a reduction in an alcohol problems scale score from 8.91 to 8.18; low quality evidence) and no effects for binge drinking (SMD -0.04, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.02, moderate quality evidence) or for average BAC (SMD -0.05, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.08; moderate quality evidence). We also considered other alcohol-related behavioural outcomes, and at four or more months follow-up, we found no effects on drink-driving (SMD -0.13, 95% CI -0.36 to 0.10; moderate quality of evidence) or other alcohol-related risky behaviour (SMD -0.15, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.01; moderate quality evidence).Further analyses showed that there was no clear relationship between the duration of the MI intervention (in minutes) and effect size. Subgroup analyses revealed no clear subgroup effects for longer-term outcomes (four or more months) for assessment only versus alternative intervention controls; for university/college vs other settings; or for higher risk vs all/low risk participants.None of the studies reported harms related to MI.

Authors' conclusions: The results of this review indicate that there are no substantive, meaningful benefits of MI interventions for preventing alcohol use, misuse or alcohol-related problems. Although we found some statistically significant effects, the effect sizes were too small, given the measurement scales used in the included studies, to be of relevance to policy or practice. Moreover, the statistically significant effects are not consistent for all misuse measures, and the quality of evidence is not strong, implying that any effects could be inflated by risk of bias.

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Conflict of interest statement

Oxford Brookes University has received funding from the alcohol industry for prevention programme development and training. There is no perceived conflict of interest between that funding and this Cochrane review.

DF: none known.

LC: none known.

SW: none known.

DA: none known.

NS: none known.

TM: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about risk of bias domains for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, outcome: 1.1 Quantity of alcohol consumed.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, outcome: 1.2 Frequency of alcohol consumption.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, outcome: 1.3 Binge drinking.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, outcome: 1.4 Alcohol problems.
8
8
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, outcome: 2.1 Quantity of alcohol consumed.
9
9
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, outcome: 2.2 Frequency of alcohol consumption.
10
10
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, outcome: 2.3 Binge drinking.
11
11
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, outcome: 2.4 Alcohol problems.
12
12
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 1 Quantity of alcohol consumed.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 2 Frequency of alcohol consumption.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 3 Binge drinking.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 4 Alcohol problems.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 5 Average BAC.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 6 Peak BAC.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 7 Drink‐driving.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 8 Risky behaviour.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 1 Quantity of alcohol consumed.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 2 Frequency of alcohol consumption.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 3 Binge drinking.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 4 Alcohol problems.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 5 Average BAC.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 6 Peak BAC.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 7 Drink‐driving.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 MI versus no MI (assessment only and alternative intervention) at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 8 Risky behaviour.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: control condition at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 1 Quantity of alcohol consumed.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: control condition at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 2 Frequency of alcohol consumption.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: control condition at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 3 Binge drinking.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: control condition at ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 4 Alcohol problems.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: control condition at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 1 Quantity of alcohol consumed.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: control condition at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 2 Frequency of alcohol consumption.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: control condition at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 3 Binge drinking.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: control condition at < 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 4 Alcohol problems.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: setting ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 1 Quantity of alcohol consumed.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: setting ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 2 Frequency of alcohol consumption.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: setting ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 3 Binge drinking.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: setting ≥ 4 months follow‐up, Outcome 4 Alcohol problems.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis: participant risk at ≥ 4 months or more of follow‐up, Outcome 1 Quantity of alcohol consumed.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis: participant risk at ≥ 4 months or more of follow‐up, Outcome 2 Frequency of alcohol consumption.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis: participant risk at ≥ 4 months or more of follow‐up, Outcome 3 Binge drinking.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis: participant risk at ≥ 4 months or more of follow‐up, Outcome 4 Alcohol problems.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

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Monti 1999 {published data only}
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Murphy 2010b {published data only}
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Segatto 2010 {published data only}
    1. Segatto ML, Andreoni S, Souza e Silva R, Diehl A, Pinsky I. Intervenção motivacional breve e brochura educacional em pronto‐socorro para adolescentes e adultos jovens com problemas relacionados ao álcool: um ensaio clínico simples cego randomizado. [Brief motivational interview and educational brochure in emergency room settings for adolescents and young adults with alcohol related problems: a randomized single blind clinical trial]. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 2010;33(3):225‐33. - PubMed
Spirito 2004 {published data only}
    1. Spirito A, Monti PM, Barnett NP, Colby SM, Sindelar H, Rohsenow DJ, et al. A randomized clinical trial of a brief motivational intervention for alcohol‐positive adolescents treated in an emergency department. Journal of Pediatrics 2004;145(3):396‐402. - PubMed
Steele Seel 2010 {published data only}
    1. Steele Seel JM. Eliciting Abstinence and Improving Retention in a Vocational and Educational Training Program for Young People: A Pilot Study. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, 2010.
Stein 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stein LAR, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Monti PM, Golembeske C, Lebeau‐Craven R. Effects of motivational interviewing for incarcerated adolescents on driving under the influence after release. American Journal on Addictions 2006;15(1):50‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Stein 2011 {published data only}
    1. Stein L, Lebau R, Colby S, Barnett N, Golombeske C, Monti P. Motivational interviewing for incarcerated adolescents: effects of depressive symptoms on reducing alcohol and marijuana use after release. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2011;72:497–506. - PMC - PubMed
Terlecki 2010 MANDATED {published data only}
    1. Terlecki MA, Larimer ME, Copeland AL. Clinical outcomes of a brief motivational intervention for heavy drinking mandated college students: a pilot study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2010;71(1):54‐60. - PubMed
Terlecki 2010 VOLUNTARY {published data only}
    1. Terlecki MA, Larimer ME, Copeland AL. Clinical outcomes of a brief motivational intervention for heavy drinking mandated college students: a pilot study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2010;71(1):54‐60. - PubMed
Terlecki 2011 MANDATED {unpublished data only}
    1. Terlecki M. The Long‐term Effect of a Brief Motivational Alcohol Intervention for Heavy Drinking Mandated College Students [PhD thesis]. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2010.
Terlecki 2011 VOLUNTARY {published data only}
    1. Terlecki M. The Long‐term Effect of a Brief Motivational Alcohol Intervention for Heavy Drinking Mandated College Students [PhD thesis]. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2011.
Thush 2009 {published data only}
    1. Thrush C, Wiers RW, Moerbeek M, Ames SL, Grenard JL, Sussman S, Stacy AW. Influence of motivational interviewing on explicit and implicit alcohol‐related cognition and alcohol use in at‐risk adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2009;23(1):146‐51. - PMC - PubMed
Turrisi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Turrisi R, Larimer ME, Mallett KA, Kilmer JR, Ray AE, Mastroleo NR, et al. A randomized clinical trial evaluating a combined alcohol intervention for high‐risk college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2009;70(4):555‐67. - PMC - PubMed
Wagener 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wagener TL, Leffingwell TR, Mignogna J, Mignogna MR, Weaver CC, Cooney NJ, et al. Randomized trial comparing computer‐delivered and face‐to‐face personalized feedback interventions for high‐risk drinking among college students. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2012;43:260–7. - PubMed
Walters 2000 {published data only}
    1. Walters ST, Bennett ME, Miller JE. Reducing alcohol use in college students: a controlled trial of two brief interventions. Journal of Drug Education 2000;30(3):361‐72. - PubMed
Walters 2009 MIF v FBO {published data only}
    1. Walters ST, Vader AM, Harris TR. Dismantling motivational interviewing and feedback for college drinkers: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009;77(1):64‐73. - PMC - PubMed
Walters 2009 MIO v AO {published data only}
    1. Walters ST, Vader AM, Harris TR. Dismantling motivational interviewing and feedback for college drinkers: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009;77(1):64‐73. - PMC - PubMed
Walton 2010 {published data only}
    1. Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Zimmerman MA, Shope JT, Bingham R, Blow FC, et al. Brief motivational interviewing intervention for peer violence and alcohol use in teens: one‐year follow‐up. Pediatrics 2012;129(6):1083‐90. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Walton M, Chermack S, Shope J, Bingham R, Zimmerman M, Blow F, et al. Effects of a brief intervention for reducing violence and alcohol misuse among adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304(5):527‐35. - PMC - PubMed
White 2007 {published data only}
    1. White HR, Morgan TJ, Pugh LA, Celinska K, Labouvie EW, Pandina RJ. Evaluating two brief substance‐use interventions for mandated college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2006;67(2):309‐17. - PubMed
    1. White HR, Mun EY, Pugh L, Morgan TJ. Long‐term effects of brief substance use interventions for mandated college students: sleeper effects of an in‐person personal feedback intervention. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 2007;31(8):1380‐91. - PubMed
Wilke 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wilke DJ, Mennicke A, Howell RL, Magnuson AB. A peer‐facilitated intervention to reduce risky drinking among fraternity and sorority members. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 2014;14(1):42‐63.
Wood 2007 {published data only}
    1. Wood MD, Capone C, Laforge R, Erickson DJ, Brand NH. Brief motivational intervention and alcohol expectancy challenge with heavy drinking college students: a randomized factorial study. Addictive Behaviors 2007;32(11):2509–28. - PubMed
Wood 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wood M, Fairlie A, Borsari B, Capone C, Fernandez A, Laforge R, et al. Brief motivational and parent interventions for college students: a randomized factorial study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010;78(3):349–61. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Baer 1992 {published data only}
    1. Baer JS, Marlatt GA, Kivlahan DR, Fromme K, Larimer ME, Williams E. An experimental test of three methods of alcohol risk reduction with adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1992;60(6):974‐9. - PubMed
Battjes 2004 {published data only}
    1. Battjes RJ, Gordon MS, O'Grady KE, Kinlock TW, Katz EC, Sears EA. Evaluation of a group‐based substance abuse treatment program for adolescents. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2004;27(2):123‐34. - PubMed
Carey 2013b {published data only}
    1. Carey KB, DeMartini KS, Prince MA, Luteran C, Carey MP. Effects of choice on intervention outcomes for college students sanctioned for campus alcohol policy violations. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2013;27(3):596‐603. - PMC - PubMed
Collins 2002 {published data only}
    1. Collins SE, Carey KB, Sliwinski MJ. Mailed personalized normative feedback as a brief intervention for at‐risk college drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2002;63(5):559‐67. - PubMed
Cowell 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cowell AJ, Brown JM, Mills MJ, Bender RH, Wedehase BJ. Cost‐effectiveness analysis of motivational interviewing with feedback to reduce drinking among a sample of college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2012;73(2):226‐37. - PMC - PubMed
Dauer 2005 {published data only}
    1. Dauer ARM, Rubio ES, Coris ME, Valls JM. Brief Intervention in alcohol‐positive traffic casualties: is it worth the effort?. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2006;41(1):76‐83. - PubMed
Gregory 2001 {unpublished data only}
    1. Gregory BM. College Alcohol and Life Skills Study with Student‐Athletes [unpublished PhD thesis abstract: 2001‐95013‐033] 2001.
Hayes 2007 {unpublished data only}
    1. Hayes, BB. Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive‐behavioral group therapy with and without motivational interviewing at reducing the social anxiety, alcohol consumption, and negative consequences of socially anxious college students. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 67(9‐B):5405.
Hustad 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hustad JT, Mastroleo NR, Kong L, Urwin R, Zeman S, Lasalle L, Borsari B. The comparative effectiveness of individual and group brief motivational interventions for mandated collegestudents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2014;28(1):74–84. - PMC - PubMed
Kypri 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kypri K, Langley JD, Saunders JB, Cashell‐Smith ML, Herbison P. Randomized controlled trial of web‐based alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary care. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(5):530‐6. - PubMed
Kypri 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kypri K, Hallett J, Howat P, McManus A, Maycock B, Bowe S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of proactive web‐based alcohol screening and brief intervention for university students. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(16):1508‐14. - PubMed
LaBrie 2002 {published data only}
    1. LaBrie JW. Weighing the pros and cons: A brief motivational intervention reduces risk associated with drinking and unsafe sex. Dissertation Abstracts International 2002.
LaBrie 2011 {published data only}
    1. LaBrie J, Cail J, Pedersen E, Migliuri S. Reducing alcohol risk in adjudicated male college students: further validation of a group motivational enhancement intervention. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 2011;20(1):82–98. - PMC - PubMed
Longabaugh 2001 {published data only}
    1. Longabaugh R, Woolard RE, Nirenberg TD, Minugh AP, Becker B, Clifford PR, et al. Evaluating the effects of a brief motivational intervention for injured drinkers in the emergency department. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2001;62(6):806‐16. - PubMed
Magill 2009 {published data only}
    1. Magill M, Barnett NP, Apodaca TR, Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM. The role of marijuana use in brief motivational intervention with young adult drinkers treated in an emergency department. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2009;70(3):409‐13. - PMC - PubMed
Maisto 2001 {published data only}
    1. Maisto SA, Conigliaro J, McNeil M, Kraemer K, Conigliaro RL, Kelley ME. Effects of two types of brief intervention and readiness to change on alcohol use in hazardous drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2001;62(5):605‐14. - PubMed
Morgenstern 2007 {published data only}
    1. Morgenstern J, Irwin TW, Wainberg ML, Parsons JT, Muench F, Bux DA Jr, et al. A randomized controlled trial of goal choice interventions for alcohol use disorders among men who have sex with men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2007;75(1):72‐84. - PubMed
Morgenstern 2012 {published data only}
    1. Morgenstern J, Kuerbis A, Amrhein P, Hail L, Lynch K, McKay JR. Motivational interviewing: a pilot test of active ingredients and mechanisms of change. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2012;26(4):859–69. - PMC - PubMed
Murphy 2012b {published data only}
    1. Murphy JG, Dennhardt AA, Skidmore JR, Borsari B, Barnett NP, Colby SM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a behavioral economic supplement to brief motivational interventions for college drinking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2012;80(5):876–86. - PMC - PubMed
Nirenberg 2013b {published data only}
    1. Nirenberg T, Baird J, Longabaugh R, Mello MJ. Motivational counseling reduces future police charges in court referred youth. Accident Analysis and Prevention 2013;53:89–99. - PMC - PubMed
Ondersma 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ondersma SJ, Svikis DS, Schuster CR. Computer‐based brief intervention: a randomized trial with postpartum women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;32(3):232‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Peterson 2006 {published data only}
    1. Peterson PL, Baer JS, Wells EA, Ginzler JA, Garrett SB. Short‐term effects of a brief motivational intervention to reduce alcohol and drug risk among homeless adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2006;20(3):254‐64. - PubMed
Potts 2001 {unpublished data only}
    1. Potts KAF. Efficacy of the Alcohol Skills Training Program, a Brief Group Intervention for High Risk College Student Drinkers [unpublished PhD thesis]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska, 2001.
Smith 2003 {published data only}
    1. Smith AJ, Hodgson RJ, Bidgeman K, Sheherd JP. A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention after alcohol‐related facial injury. Addiction 2003;98(1):43‐52. - PubMed
Spirito 2011 {published data only}
    1. Spirito A, Sindelar‐Manning H, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Lewander W, Rosenhow DJ, et al. Individual and family motivational interventions for alcohol‐positive adolescents treated in an emergency department: results of a randomized clinical trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2011;165(3):269‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Wei Sun 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sun W, Skara S, Sun P, Dent CW, Sussman S. Project towards no drug abuse: long‐term substance use outcomes evaluation. Preventive Medicine 2006;42(3):188‐92. - PubMed
Woodhall 2007 {published data only}
    1. Woodhall WG, Delaney HD, Kunitz SJ, Westerberg VS, Zhao H. A randomized trial of a DWI Intervention program for first offenders: intervention outcomes and interactions with antisocial personality disorder among a primarily American‐Indian sample. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2007;31(6):974‐87. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Cunningham 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Ehrlich PF, Carter PM, Booth BM, Blow FC, et al. Alcohol interventions among underage drinkers in the ED: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2015;136(4):e783‐93. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-1260] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN31234060 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN31234060. Brief motivational intervention in adolescents treated in emergency departments for acute alcohol intoxication: a randomized controlled trial. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN31234060 (accessed 1 April 2016). - PMC - PubMed
NCT00229983 {published data only}
    1. NCT00229983. Medical office intervention for adolescent drug use. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00229983 (accessed 1 April 2016).
NCT00907309 {published data only}
    1. NCT00907309. Dental and medical office iMET to reduce teen tobacco, alcohol, and drug use. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00907309 (accessed 1 April 2016).
NCT01128140 {published data only}
    1. NCT01128140. Efficacy trial of warrior check‐up. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01128140 (accessed 1 April 2016).
NCT01204229 {published data only}
    1. NCT01204229. Motivational and cognitive intervention for college drinkers (MCID). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01204229 (accessed 1 April 2016).
NCT01546025 {published data only}
    1. NCT01546025. Brief alcohol intervention for school‐to‐work transitions. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01546025 (accessed 1 April 2016).
NCT01616212 {published data only}
    1. NCT01616212. Early intervention for minors in possession of alcohol/drugs: a feasibility study (MAST1). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01616212 (accessed 1 April 2016).
NCT02056535 {published data only}
    1. NCT02056535. Screening and brief intervention in the ED among Mexican‐origin young adults. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02056535 (accessed 1 April 2016).
NCT02252471 {published data only}
    1. NCT02252471. Choices‐teen: a bundled risk reduction intervention for juvenile justice females. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02252471 (accessed 1 April 2016).
Newbury‐Birch 2014 {published data only}
    1. Newbury‐Birch D, Scott S, O’Donnell A, Coulton S, Howel D, McColl E, et al. A pilot feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial of screening and brief alcohol intervention to prevent hazardous drinking in young people aged 14–15 years in a high school setting (SIPS JR‐HIGH). Public Health Research. NIHR Journals Library 2014;No. 2.6:Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK263999/. [DOI: 10.3310/phr02060] - DOI - PubMed
Walton 2012 {published data only}
    1. Walton MA, Bohnert K, Resko S, Barry KL, Chermack ST, Zucker RA, et al. Computer and therapist based brief interventions among cannabis‐using adolescents presenting to primary care: one year outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2013;132(3):646‐53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.020] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12613000108718 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000108718. Brief telephone delivered personality‐targeted versus standard motivational interviewing for for reducing future alcohol use and related harm in young people accessing emergency departments. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=1261... (accessed 1 April 2016).

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References to other published versions of this review

Foxcroft 2014a
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