Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2016 Jul 18;7(7):CD006937.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006937.pub3.

Speech therapy for children with dysarthria acquired before three years of age

Lindsay Pennington  1 , Naomi K Parker, Helen Kelly, Nick Miller
Affiliations

Speech therapy for children with dysarthria acquired before three years of age

Lindsay Pennington et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Children with motor impairments often have the motor speech disorder dysarthria, a condition which effects the tone, strength and co-ordination of any or all of the muscles used for speech. Resulting speech difficulties can range from mild, with slightly slurred articulation and breathy voice, to profound, with an inability to produce any recognisable words. Children with dysarthria are often prescribed communication aids to supplement their natural forms of communication. However, there is variation in practice regarding the provision of therapy focusing on voice and speech production. Descriptive studies have suggested that therapy may improve speech, but its effectiveness has not been evaluated.

Objectives: To assess whether any speech and language therapy intervention aimed at improving the speech of children with dysarthria is more effective in increasing children's speech intelligibility or communicative participation than no intervention at all , and to compare the efficacy of individual types of speech language therapy in improving the speech intelligibility or communicative participation of children with dysarthria.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2015 , Issue 7 ), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL , LLBA, ERIC, PsychInfo, Web of Science, Scopus, UK National Research Register and Dissertation Abstracts up to July 2015, handsearched relevant journals published between 1980 and July 2015, and searched proceedings of relevant conferences between 1996 to 2015. We placed no restrictions on the language or setting of the studies. A previous version of this review considered studies published up to April 2009. In this update we searched for studies published from April 2009 to July 2015.

Selection criteria: We considered randomised controlled trials and studies using quasi-experimental designs in which children were allocated to groups using non-random methods.

Data collection and analysis: One author (LP) conducted searches of all databases, journals and conference reports. All searches included a reliability check in which a second review author independently checked a random sample comprising 15% of all identified reports. We planned that two review authors would independently assess the quality and extract data from eligible studies.

Main results: No randomised controlled trials or group studies were identified.

Authors' conclusions: This review found no evidence from randomised trials of the effectiveness of speech and language therapy interventions to improve the speech of children with early acquired dysarthria. Rigorous, fully powered randomised controlled trials are needed to investigate if the positive changes in children's speech observed in phase I and phase II studies are generalisable to the population of children with early acquired dysarthria served by speech and language therapy services. Research should examine change in children's speech production and intelligibility. It must also investigate children's participation in social and educational activities, and their quality of life, as well as the cost and acceptability of interventions.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Lindsay Pennington : none known Nick Miller : none known Sheila Robson : none known Helen Kelly : extracted data from studies conducted by Lindsay Pennington and Nick Miller Naomi Parker: extracted data from studies conducted by Lindsay Pennington and Nick Miller

Update of

References

References to studies excluded from this review

Akin Senkal 2013 {published data only}
    1. Akin Senkal O, Ciyiltepe M. Effects of voice therapy in school‐age children. Journal of Voice 2013;27(6):e719‐25. - PubMed
Boliek 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Boliek C, Bakhtiari R, Reed AJ, Mager BJ, Cribben I, Gyane HHM, et al. Neural and physiological changes following intensive voice therapy in children with motor speech disorders secondary to cerebral palsy. 19th International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, San Diego, CA, June 14‐18, 2015.
Cantarella 2010 {published data only}
    1. Cantarella G, Viglione S, Forti S, Pignataro L. Voice therapy for laryngeal hemiplegia: the role of timing of initiation of therapy. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2010;42(5):442‐6. - PubMed
Cleland 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Cleland J, Timmins C, Wood SE, Hardcastle WJ, Wishart JG. Electropalatographic therapy for children and young people with Down's syndrome EPG therapy in Down's syndrome. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 2009;23(12):926‐39. - PubMed
Fischer‐Brandies 1987 {published data only}
    1. Fischer‐Brandies H, Avalle C, Limbrock G J. Therapy of orofacial dysfunctions in cerebral palsy according to Castillo‐Morales: first results of a new treatment concept. European Journal of Orthodontics 1987;9(2):139‐43. - PubMed
Flipsen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Flipsen P Jr, Sacks S, Neils‐Strunjas J. Effectiveness of systematic articulation training program accessing computers (SATPAC) approach to remediate dentalized and interdental /s, z/: a preliminary study. Perceptual & Motor Skills 2013;2:559‐77. - PubMed
Forrest 2008 {published data only}
    1. Forrest K, Iuzzini J. A comparison of oral motor and production training for children with speech sound disorders. Seminars in Speech & Language 2008;29(4):304‐11. - PubMed
Fox 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Fox CM, Boliek C, Ramig LO. The impact of intensive voice treatment (LSVT) on speech intelligibility in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Movement Disorders 2005;20(10):s149.
Fox 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Fox C, Boliek C, Namdaran N, Nickerson C, Gardner B, Piccott C, et al. Intensive voice treatment (LSVTR LOUD) for children with spastic cerebral palsy. Movement Disorders 2008;23(S1):S378.
Fox 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Fox CM, Boliek CA. Intensive voice treatment (LSVT LOUD) for children with spastic cerebral palsy and dysarthria. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2012;55(3):930‐45. - PubMed
Fox 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Fox CM, Boliek CA. Technology‐enhanced maintenance practice following intensive voice therapy (LSVT LOUD®) in children with cerebral palsy and dysarthria. 19th International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, San Diego, CA, June 14‐18, 2015.
Gallerano 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gallerano G, Ruoppolo G, Silvestri A. Myofunctional and speech rehabilitation after orthodontic‐surgical treatment of dento‐maxillofacial dysgnathia. Progress in Orthodontics 2012;13(1):57‐68. - PubMed
Grigos 2010 {published data only}
    1. Grigos MI, hayden D, Eigen J. Perceptual and articulatory changes in speech production following PROMPT treatment. Journal of Medical Speech‐Language Pathology 2010;18(4):46‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Grill 2010 {published data only}
    1. Grill MF, Ng YT. Dramatic first words spoken in 2 children after vagus nerve stimulation. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 2010;17(1):54‐7. - PubMed
Hartley 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hartley CL, Grove N, Lindsey J, Pring T. Treatment effects on speech production and speech intelligibility of dysarthric speech in children with cerebral palsy. Paper presented at Vth European CPLOL Congress, Edinburgh, UK, 5th ‐ 7th September 2003.
King 2013 {published data only}
    1. King AM, Hengst JA, DeThorne LS. Severe speech sound disorders: an integrated multimodal intervention. Language, Speech & Hearing Services in the Schools 2013;44(2):195‐210.. - PubMed
Levy 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Levy ES, Ramig LO, Camarata SM. The effects of two speech interventions on speech function in pediatric dysarthria. Journal of Medical Speech‐Language Pathology 2012;20(4):82‐7.
Levy 2014 {published data only}
    1. Levy ES. Implementing two treatment approaches to childhood dysarthria. International Journal of Speech‐Language Pathology 2014;International Journal of Speech‐Language Pathology(4):344‐54. - PubMed
Lousada 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lousada M, Jesus LM, Capelas S, Margaça C, Simões D, Valente A, et al. Phonological and articulation treatment approaches in Portuguese children with speech and language impairments: A randomized controlled intervention study. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 2013;48(2):172‐187. - PubMed
Marchant 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Marchant J, McAuliffe MJ, Huckabee M. Treatment of articulatory impairment in a child with spastic dysarthria associated with cerebral palsy. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 2008;11(1):81‐90. - PubMed
Miccio 2010 {published data only}
    1. Miccio AW, Powell TW. Triangulating speech sound generalization. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 2010;24(4‐5):311‐22. - PubMed
Miller 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Miller N, Pennington L, Robson S, Roelant E, Steen N, Eftychiou E. Changes in voice quality after speech‐language therapy intervention in older children with cerebral palsy. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 2013;65(4):200‐207. - PubMed
Namasivayam 2013 {published data only}
    1. Namasivayam AK, Pukonen M, Goshulak D, Yu D, Kadis D, Kroll R, et al. Relationship between speech motor control and speech intelligibility in children with speech sound disorders. Journal of Communication Disorders 2013;46(3):264‐80. - PubMed
Nordberg 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Nordberg A, Carlsson G, Lohmander A. Electropalatography in the description and treatment of speech disorders in five children with cerebral palsy. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 2011;25(10):831‐52. - PubMed
Nordberg 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nordberg A, Miniscalco C, Lohmander A. Consonant production and overall speech characteristics in school‐aged children with cerebral palsy and speech impairment. International Journal of Speech‐Language Pathology 2014;16(4):386‐95. - PubMed
Pennington 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pennington L, Smallman CE, Farrier F. Intensive dysarthria therapy for older children with cerebral palsy: findings from six cases. Child Language Teaching & Therapy 2006;22(3):255‐73.
Pennington 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pennington L, Robson S, Miller N, Steen N. Improving the intelligibility of children with dysarthria: results from a pilot study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2008;Supplement 114:23‐4.
Pennington 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pennington L, Miller N, Robson S, Steen N. Intensive speech and language therapy for older children with cerebral palsy: a systems approach. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2010;52(4):337‐44. - PubMed
Pennington 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pennington L, Roelant E, Thompson V, Robson S, Steen N, Miller N. Intensive dysarthria therapy for younger children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2013;55(5):464‐71. - PubMed
Preston 2013 {published data only}
    1. Preston JL, Brick N, Landi N. Ultrasound biofeedback treatment for persisting childhood apraxia of speech. American Journal of Speech‐Language Pathology 2013;22(4):627‐43. - PubMed
Puyuelo 2005 {published data only}
    1. Puyuelo M, Rondal, JA. Speech rehabilitation in 10 Spanish‐speaking children with severe cerebral palsy: a 4‐year longitudinal study. Pediatric Rehabilitation 2005;8(2):113‐6. - PubMed
Ray 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ray J. Functional outcomes of orofacial myofunctional therapy in children with cerebral palsy. International Journal of Orofacial Myology 2001;27:5‐17. - PubMed
Robson 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Robson S, Eftychiou E, Couteur J, Pennington L, Miller N, Steen N. Associations between speech intelligibility of children with cerebral palsy and the loudness and the clarity of their voice. Poster presented at the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists Conference 'Partners in progress: spreading the word' London, 17‐18 March 2009. London.
Rodriguez‐Parra 2011 {published data only}
    1. Rodriguez‐Parra MJ, Adrian JA, Morente JC. Comparing voice‐therapy and vocal‐hygiene treatments in dysphonia using a limited multidimensional evaluation protocol. Journal of Communication Disorders 2011;44(6):615‐30. - PubMed
Romski 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Romski RA, Sevcik RA, Adamson LB, Cheslock M, Smith A, Barker RM, et al. Randomized comparison of augmented and nonaugmented language interventions for toddlers with developmental delays and their parents. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2010;53:350‐64. - PubMed
Rong 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rong P, Kuehn D. The effect of articulatory adjustment on reducing hypernasality. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2012;55(5):1438‐48. - PubMed
Schindler 2008 {published data only}
    1. Schindler A, Bottero A, Capaccio P, Ginocchio D, Adorni, F, Ottaviani F. Vocal Improvement After Voice Therapy in Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis. Journal of Voice 2008;22(1):113‐8. - PubMed
Speake 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Speake J, Stackhouse J, Pascoe M. Vowel targeted intervention for children with persisting speech difficulties: Impact on intelligibility. Child Language Teaching & Therapy 2012;28(3):277‐95.
Stepp 2011 {published data only}
    1. Stepp CE, Merchant G, Heaton J, Hamilton R. Effects of voice therapy on relative fundamental frequency during voicing offset and onset in patients with vocal hyperfunction. Journal of Speech Language & Hearing Research 2011;54(5):1260‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Van Lierde 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lierde KM, Mortier G, Huysman E, Vermeersch H. Long‐term impact of tongue reduction on speech intelligibility, articulation and oromyofunctional behaviour in a child with Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 2010;74(3):309‐18. - PubMed
Van Lierde 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lierde K, Galiwango G, Hodges A, Bettens K, Luyten A. Impact of tongue reduction on overall speech intelligibility, articulation and oromyofunctional behavior in 4 children with Beckwith‐Wiedemann syndrome. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 2012;64(2):55‐63. - PubMed
Van Nuffelen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Nuffelen G, Bodt M, Wuyts F, Heyning P. The effect of rate control on speech rate and intelligibility of dysarthric speech. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 2009;61(2):69‐7.. - PubMed
Van Nuffelen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Nuffelen G, Bodt M, Vanderwegen J, Heyning P, Wuyts F. Effect of rate control on speech production and intelligibility in dysarthria. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 2010;62(3):110‐19. - PubMed
Van Rees 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rees LJ, Ballard KJ, McCabe P, Macdonald‐D'Silva AG, Arciuli J. Training production of lexical stress in typically developing children using orthographically biased stimuli and principles of motor learning. American Journal of Speech‐Language Pathology 2012;21(3):197‐206. - PubMed
Ward 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ward R, Strauss G, Leitão S. Kinematic changes in jaw and lip control of children with cerebral palsy following participation in a motor‐speech (PROMPT) intervention. International Journal of Speech‐Language Pathology 2013;15(2):136‐55. - PubMed
Ward 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ward R, Leitão S, Strauss G. An evaluation of the effectiveness of PROMPT therapy in improving speech production accuracy in six children with cerebral palsy. International Journal of Speech‐Language Pathology 2014;16(4):355‐71. - PubMed
Wilk 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wilk M, Pachalska M, Lipowska M, Herman‐Sucharska I, Makarowski R, Mirski A, &Jastrzebowska G. Speech intelligibility in cerebral palsy children attending an art therapy program. Medical Science Monitor 2010;16(5):CR222‐31. - PubMed
Wood 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wood S, Wishart J, Hardcastle W, Cleland J, Timmins C. The use of electropalatography (EPG) in the assessment and treatment of motor speech disorders in children with Down's syndrome: e vidence from two case studies. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 2009;12(2):66‐75. - PubMed

Additional references

Bax 2006
    1. Bax M, Tydeman C, Flodmark O. Clinical and MRI correlates of cerebral palsy: The European Cerebral Palsy Study. JAMA 2006;296:1602‐8. - PubMed
Cahill 2002
    1. Cahill L, Murdoch B, Theodoros D. Perceptual analysis of speech following traumatic brain injury in childhood. Brain Injury 2002;16:415‐46. - PubMed
Chapman 2001
    1. Chapman SB, McKinnon L, Levin HS, Song J, Meier MC, Chiu S. Longitudinal outcome of verbal discourse in children with traumatic brain injury: three‐year follow‐up. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2001;16:441‐55. - PubMed
Cornwell 2003
    1. Cornwell PL, Murdoch BE, Ward EC, Kellie S. Perceptual evaluation of motor speech following treatment for childhood cerebellar tumour. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 2003;17:5597‐615. - PubMed
Dickinson 2007
    1. Dickinson HO, Parkinson KN, Ravens‐Sieberer U, Schirripa G, Thyen U, Arnaud C, et al. Self‐reported quality of life of 8‐12‐year‐old children with cerebral palsy: a cross‐sectional European study. The Lancet 2007;369(9580):2171‐8. - PubMed
Dodd 2006
    1. Do d d B, Zhu H, Crosbie S, Holm A, Ozanne A. Diagnositic Evaluatio n of Articulation and Phonology . 2 . Oxford : Pearson , 2006 .
Fauconnier 2009
    1. Fauconnier J, Dickinson HO, Beckung E, Marcelli M, McManus V, Michelsen SI, et al. Participation in life situations of 8‐12 year old children with cerebral palsy: cross sectional European study. BMJ 2009;338(apr23_2):1458‐71. - PMC - PubMed
Hayden 1994
    1. Hayden DA, Square PA. Motor speech treatment hierarchy: a systems approach. Clinics in Communication Disorders 1994;4:162‐74. - PubMed
Hayden 2006
    1. Hayden, D. The PROMPT Model: u se and application for children with mixed phonological impairment. Advances in Speech Language Pathology 2006;8:265‐81.
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011a
    1. Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ (editors). Chapter 7: Selecting studies and collecting data. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors),Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 . Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org .
Higgins 2011b
    1. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 . Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org .
Hirano 1981
    1. Hirano M. Clinical examination of voice. Clinical examination of voice. Vienna: Springer‐Verlag, 1981.
Hodge 1999
    1. Hodge MM, Wellman L. Management of children with dysarthria. In: Caruso AJ, Strand E editor(s). Clinical management of motor speech disorders in children. New York: Thieme, 1999:209‐80.
Hodge 2009 [Computer program]
    1. Hodge M, Go e t zke. TOCS+ . Alberta : Univesrity of Alberta , 2009 .
ICAN 2007
    1. ICAN 2007. Language and social exclusion. http://www.ican.org.uk/˜/media/Ican2/Whats%20the%20Issue/Evidence/4%20La... .
Kennes 2002
    1. Kennes J, Rosenbaum P, Hanna SE, Walter S, Russell D, Raina P, et al. Health‐status of school aged children with cerebral palsy: information from a population‐based sample. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2002;44:240‐7. - PubMed
King 2004
    1. King G, Law L, King S, Hurley P, Rosenbaum P, H anna S, e t al. Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) . San Antonio : Pearson , 2004 .
Lepage 1998
    1. Lepage Cl, Noreau L, Bernard P‐M, Fougeyrollas P. Profile of handicap situations in children with cerebral palsy. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1998;30(4):263‐72. - PubMed
Love 1992
    1. Love RJ. Childhood motor speech disability. 1st Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1992.
Morgan 2008
    1. Morgan AT, Vogel AP. Intervention for dysarthria associated with acquired brain injury in children and adolescents . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006279.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Netsell 2001
    1. Netsell R. Speech aeromechanics and the dysarthrias: implications for children with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2001;16:415‐25. - PubMed
Nordberg 2013
    1. Nordberg A, Miniscalco C, Lohmander A, Himmelmann K. Speech problems affect more than one in two children with cerebral palsy: Swedish population‐based study. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics 2013;102(2):161‐6. - PubMed
Odding 2006
    1. Odding E, Roebroeck M, Stam H. The epidemiology of cerebral palsy: incidence, impairments and risk factors. Disability and Rehabilitation 2006;28:183‐91. - PubMed
Palisano 1997
    1. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1997; Vol. 39, issue 4:214‐23. - PubMed
Pennington 1999
    1. Pennington L, McConachie H. Mother‐child interaction revisited: communication with non‐speaking physically disabled children. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 1999;34:391‐416. - PubMed
Petheram 2001
    1. Petheram B, Enderby P. Demographic and epidemiological analysis of patients referred to speech and language therapy at eleven centres 1987‐95. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 2001;36:515‐25. - PubMed
Ravens‐Sieberer 2005
    1. Ravens‐Sieberer U, Gosch A, Rajmil L, Erhart M, Brui l J, Duer W, e t al. KIDSCREEN‐52 quality‐of‐life measure for children and adolescents . Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 2005 ; 5 ( 3 ):353‐64. - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane . Review Manager (RevMan) . Version 5.3 . Copenhagen : The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane , 2014 .
Richter 2005
    1. Richter S, Schoch B, Ozimek A, Gorissen B, Hein‐Kropp C, Kaiser O, et al. Incidence of dysarthria in children with cerebellar tumors: a prospective study. Brain & Language 2005;92:153‐67. - PubMed
Robertson 1982
    1. Robertson SJ. Dysarthria Profile. Bicester: Winslow Press, 1982.
Robinson 2002
    1. Robinson KA, Dickersin K. Development of a highly sensitive search strategy for the retrieval of reports of controlled trials using PubMed. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31:150‐3. - PubMed
Schmidt 2005
    1. Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor control and learning: A behavioural emphasis. 4th Edition. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics, 2005.
Strand 1995
    1. Strand EA. Treatment of motor speech disorders in children. Seminars in Speech and Language 1995;16:126‐39. - PubMed
Thomas‐Stonnell 2010
    1. Thomas‐Stonell N, Oddson B, Robertson B, Walker J, Rosenbaum P. Development of the FOCUS (Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six), a communication outcome measure for preschool children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2010;52(1):47‐53. - PubMed
Van Mourik 1996
    1. V an Mourik M, Catsman‐Berrevoets CE, Yousef‐Bak E, Paquier PF, V an Dongen HR. Dysarthria in children with cerebellar or brainstem tumors. Pediatric Neurology 1998;18:411‐4. - PubMed
Watson 2015
    1. Watson RM, Pennington L. A UK survey of SLT for children with communication disorder and cerebral palsy. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 2015;50(2):241–259. - PMC - PubMed
Weismer 2006
    1. Weismer, G. Philosophy of research in motor speech disorders. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 2006;20(5):315‐49. - PubMed
Wilcox 1999
    1. Wilcox K, Morris S. Children's Speech Intelligibility Measure. Children's Speech Intelligibility Measure. San Antonio: Harcourt, 1999.
Yorkston 1981
    1. Yorkston K, Beukleman D. Assessment of Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech . Aus tin : Pro‐Ed Inc , 1981 .
Yorkston 1996
    1. Yorkston KM. Treatment efficacy: dysarthria. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research 1996;39(5):S46‐57. - PubMed
Yorkston 1999
    1. Yorkston KM, Beukelman, DR, Strand, EA, Bell KR. In: Yorkston KM, Beukelman, DR, Strand, EA, Bell KR editor(s). Management of motor speech disorders in children and adults. Austin: Pro‐Ed, 1999.

References to other published versions of this review

Pennington 2009
    1. Pennington L, Miller N, Robson S. Speech therapy for children with dysarthria acquired before three years of age . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006937.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources