Possibilities of Preoperative Medical Models Made by 3D Printing or Additive Manufacturing

Abstract

Most of the 3D printing applications of preoperative models have been focused on dental and craniomaxillofacial area. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the possibilities in other application areas and give examples of the current possibilities. The approach was to communicate with the surgeons with different fields about their needs related preoperative models and try to produce preoperative models that satisfy those needs. Ten different kinds of examples of possibilities were selected to be shown in this paper and aspects related imaging, 3D model reconstruction, 3D modeling, and 3D printing were presented. Examples were heart, ankle, backbone, knee, and pelvis with different processes and materials. Software types required were Osirix, 3Data Expert, and Rhinoceros. Different 3D printing processes were binder jetting and material extrusion. This paper presents a wide range of possibilities related to 3D printing of preoperative models. Surgeons should be aware of the new possibilities and in most cases help from mechanical engineering side is needed.

Figure 1

Hollow heart made by material extrusion and solid heart made by binder jetting.

Figure 2

Preoperative model of ankle made by binder jetting with monochrome and with colors.

Figure 3

Scoliosis backbone with binder jetting without and with colors.

Figure 4

Physical and virtual preoperative model of knee.

Figure 5

Physical and virtual preoperative model of pelvis.

Figure 6

Result of 3D measurement for hollow heart model and for knee model. Scale ±3.0 mm.