Sex Differences in the Clinical Progression of Parkinson's Disease

Abstract

Objective: To describe characteristics of Parkinson's disease by sex and determine if differences in disease progression exist.

Design: Longitudinal, observational study.

Setting: Twenty-one National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence.

Participants: People (N = 4,679; 63% men and 37% women) with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.

Methods: Demographic and clinical data at enrollment and after 1 year were collected. We defined progression as a 1-year change in the following functional health outcome measures: (a) health-related quality of life (Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39), (b) Timed Up and Go test, (c) cognitive function, and (d) number of medications. We compared baseline characteristics between men and women. Then, linear regression models were built to assess the independent contribution of sex to progression.

Results: At baseline, women were significantly more likely to be older and have greater disease severity and more comorbidities than men despite similar duration of disease. This finding corresponded to worse function as assessed by the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 and Timed Up and Go test but not to number of medications and cognitive function. After 1 year, declines across all functional measures except delayed recall occurred. No significant changes in Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39, Timed Up and Go, number of medications, or verbal fluency between men and women occurred. Women had a more significant improvement in delayed recall than men.

Conclusion: Numerous small baseline differences occurred between men and women with PD, although differences in markers of progression were few. Findings suggest that clinical manifestations and prognosis appear similar by sex under the same treatment conditions.

Keywords: gender; observational; outcomes; parkinsonism.

Figure 1

Bivariate comparison of change in disease progression