Clinical effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in a multiple-rising-dose study in postmenopausal women

Abstract

Objective: Estetrol (E4) is a natural fetal estrogen. The safety of increasing doses of E4 and its preliminary effects on the vagina, endometrium and menopausal vasomotor symptoms were investigated.

Study design: This was a partly randomized, open-label, multiple-rising-dose study in 49 postmenopausal women. Subjects with an intact uterus were randomized to receive either 2mg E4 or 2mg estradiol-valerate (E2V) for 28days. Subsequent dose-escalation groups (non-randomized) were: 10mg E4 (intact uterus and ≥35 hot flushes/week); and 20mg and 40mg E4 (hysterectomized subjects).

Main outcome measure: Adverse events (AEs) and vaginal cytology were evaluated in all treatment groups; hot flushes/sweating and endometrial proliferation were analyzed with 2 and 10mg E4 and 2mg E2V.

Results: Estetrol appeared to be safe, without serious drug-related AEs. In all the groups there was a clear shift from parabasal to superficial vaginal cells, indicating an estrogenic effect and a potential for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy. The endometrial thickness remained stable in the 2mg E4 group and increased with E2V and 10mg E4. A decrease in the mean number of hot flushes and sweating was seen with 2 and 10mg E4 and 2mg E2V.

Conclusions: Estetrol in a dose range of 2-40mg per day improved vaginal cytology and vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Endometrial proliferation occurred with the 10mg dose. Estetrol seems a safe and suitable candidate to develop further for hormone therapy.

Keywords: Endometrium; Estetrol; Estrogen; Hormone therapy; Vasomotor symptoms; Vulvovaginal atrophy.