[Epilepsy and Pregnancy]

Abstract

Background: On average, female patients with epilepsy have 0.9 children, which is below the birth rate of healthy women. One reason is insufficient counselling.

Objectives: To summarize the current data relevant to counselling pregnant women with epilepsy.

Materials and methods: Discussion of research and recommendations concerning seizure control during pregnancy, pregnancy and birth complications, congenital malformations, and breastfeeding.

Results: Changes in seizure frequency during pregnancy are variable and partly due to changes in the serum concentrations of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy patients have a slightly higher risk for some pregnancy and birth complications including spontaneous abortion, pre- and postpartum bleeding, induction of labour, and caesarean section. In particular, the administration of valproic acid can lead to congenital malformations and a lower IQ of the child. Folic acid seems to have a protective effect. Data concerning breastfeeding are insufficient.

Conclusions: If possible, epilepsy patients should be treated with a low-dose monotherapy during pregnancy and valproic acid should be avoided. Treatment with lamotrigine requires frequent control of serum concentration. Supplementary folic acid (5 mg daily dose) is recommended. Epilepsy is not an indication for a caesarean section.

Keywords: Anticonvulsants; Breastfeeding; Folic acid; Seizures; Valproic acid.