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Review
. 2016 Jul 28:8:50.
doi: 10.1186/s13098-016-0159-z. eCollection 2016.

Interactions between kidney disease and diabetes: dangerous liaisons

Roberto Pecoits-Filho  1 , Hugo Abensur  2 , Carolina C R Betônico  3 , Alisson Diego Machado  2 , Erika B Parente  4 , Márcia Queiroz  2 , João Eduardo Nunes Salles  4 , Silvia Titan  2 , Sergio Vencio  5
Affiliations
Review

Interactions between kidney disease and diabetes: dangerous liaisons

Roberto Pecoits-Filho et al. Diabetol Metab Syndr. .

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) globally affects 18-20 % of adults over the age of 65 years. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most frequent and dangerous complications of DM2, affecting about one-third of the patients with DM2. In addition to the pancreas, adipocytes, liver, and intestines, the kidneys also play an important role in glycemic control, particularly due to renal contribution to gluconeogenesis and tubular reabsorption of glucose.

Methods: In this review article, based on a report of discussions from an interdisciplinary group of experts in the areas of endocrinology, diabetology and nephrology, we detail the relationship between diabetes and kidney disease, addressing the care in the diagnosis, the difficulties in achieving glycemic control and possible treatments that can be applied according to the different degrees of impairment.

Discussion: Glucose homeostasis is extremely altered in patients with DKD, who are exposed to a high risk of both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Both high and low glycemic levels are associated with increased morbidity and shortened survival in this group of patients. Factors that are associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia in DKD patients include decreased renal gluconeogenesis, deranged metabolic pathways (including altered metabolism of medications) and decreased insulin clearance. On the other hand, decrease glucose filtration and excretion, and inflammation-induce insulin resistance are predisposing factors to hyperglycemic episodes.

Conclusion: Appropriate glycaemic monitoring and control tailored for diabetic patients is required to avoid hypoglycaemia and other glycaemic disarrays in patients with DM2 and kidney disease. Understanding the renal physiology and pathophysiology of DKD has become essential to all specialties treating diabetic patients. Disseminating this knowledge and detailing the evidence will be important to initiate breakthrough research and to encourage proper treatment of this group of patients.

Keywords: Diabetes complications; Diabetic kidney disease; Glycemic control; Type 2 diabetes.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Chronic kidney disease mechanisms predisposisng to hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Correlation between each marker and the time of hyperglycemia that each indicates
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Schematic presentation of the clearance of insulin. a endogenous insulin and b exogenous insulin. Adapted from Iglesias and Díez [130]
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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