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. 2016:2016:7574843.
doi: 10.1155/2016/7574843. Epub 2016 Jul 4.

In Vivo and In Vitro Genotoxic and Epigenetic Effects of Two Types of Cola Beverages and Caffeine: A Multiassay Approach

Marcos Mateo-Fernández  1 , Tania Merinas-Amo  1 , Miguel Moreno-Millán  1 , Ángeles Alonso-Moraga  1 , Sebastián Demyda-Peyrás  2
Affiliations

In Vivo and In Vitro Genotoxic and Epigenetic Effects of Two Types of Cola Beverages and Caffeine: A Multiassay Approach

Marcos Mateo-Fernández et al. Biomed Res Int. 2016.

Abstract

The aim of this work was to assess the biological and food safety of two different beverages: Classic Coca Cola™ (CCC) and Caffeine-Free Coca Cola (CFCC). To this end, we determined the genotoxicological and biological effects of different doses of lyophilised CCC and CFCC and Caffeine (CAF), the main distinctive constituent. Their toxic/antitoxic, genotoxic/antigenotoxic, and chronic toxicity (lifespan assay) effects were determined in vivo using the Drosophila model. Their cytotoxic activities were determined using the HL-60 in vitro cancer model. In addition, clastogenic DNA toxicity was measured using internucleosomal fragmentation and SCGE assays. Their epigenetic effects were assessed on the HL-60 methylation status using some repetitive elements. The experimental results showed a slight chemopreventive effect of the two cola beverages against HL-60 leukaemia cells, probably mediated by nonapoptotic mechanisms. Finally, CCC and CAF induced a global genome hypomethylation evaluated in LINE-1 and Alu M1 repetitive elements. Overall, we demonstrated for the first time the safety of this famous beverage in in vivo and in vitro models.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of CCC (a), CFCC (b), and CAF (c) supplementation on the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cytotoxic effects of CCC (a), CFCC (b), and CAF (c). Viability curves at 72 h of treatment.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation after 5 h of treatment with CCC ((a)-mg/mL), CFCC ((b)-mg/mL), and CAF ((c)-mM). Letters M and C mean weight size marker and negative control, respectively.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Alkaline comet assay (pH < 13) of HL-60 cells after 5 h treatment with different concentrations of CCC (a), CFCC (b), and CAF (c). DNA migration is reported as mean TM. The plot shows mean TM values and standard errors. Different letters mean different values after one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Relative normalised expression data of each repetitive element. Different letters are related to different means. Asterisks indicate differences among the same concentrations of the same substance for the different studied sequences.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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