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. 2016 Aug 1;11(8):e0159794.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159794. eCollection 2016.

Unique Clones of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor with Haitian Type ctxB Allele Implicated in the Recent Cholera Epidemics from Nigeria, Africa

Akinsinde Kehinde Adewale  1 , Gururaja Perumal Pazhani  2 , Iwalokun Bamidele Abiodun  3 , Oluwadun Afolabi  4 , Olukoya Daniel Kolawole  5 , Asish K Mukhopadhyay  2 , Thanadarayan Ramamurthy  2
Affiliations

Unique Clones of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor with Haitian Type ctxB Allele Implicated in the Recent Cholera Epidemics from Nigeria, Africa

Akinsinde Kehinde Adewale et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background and objectives: The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and genetic characteristics of Vibrio cholerae O1, which is responsible for several cholera epidemics in Nigeria, are not reported in detail since 2007. In this study, we screened V. cholerae O1 El Tor biotype isolates from cholera cases and water samples from different states to investigate their phenotypic and genetic attributes with special reference to their clonality.

Results: All the V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor isolates isolated during 2007-2013 were susceptible to fluoroquinolones and tetracycline, the drugs currently used in the treatment of cholera cases in Nigeria. Emergence of CT genotype 7 (Haitian type of ctxB allele) was predominantly seen among Ogawa serotype and the CT genotype 1 (classical ctxB allele) was mostly found in Inaba serotype. Overall, V. cholerae O1 from clinical and water samples were found to be closely related as determined by the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. V. cholerae isolates from Abia, Kano and Bauchi were found to be genetically distinct from the other states of Nigeria.

Conclusion: Fecal contamination of the water sources may be the possible source of the cholera infection. Combined prevalence of Haitian and classical ctxB alleles were detected in Ogawa and Inaba serotypes, respectively. This study further demonstrated that V. cholerae O1 with the ctxB has been emerged similar to the isolates reported in Haiti. Our findings suggest that the use of fluoroquinolones or tetracycline/doxycycline may help in the effective management of acute cholera in the affected Nigerian states. In addition, strengthening the existing surveillance in the hospitals of all the states and supply of clean drinking water may control cholera outbreaks in the future.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. PFGE Profiling of V. cholerae O1.
Dendogram of Not1 digested PFGE patterns of V. cholerae O1 El Tor biotype. PFGE analysis revealed that all the isolates shared 95 to 100% similarity in Not1 digested DNA pattern. Although they were isolated from different geographical regions of Nigeria in different years, they were found clonal and had different antimicrobial resistance patterns.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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