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Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Aug 9;2016(8):CD003380.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003380.pub4.

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), third-wave CBT and interpersonal therapy (IPT) based interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents

Sarah E Hetrick  1 , Georgina R Cox, Katrina G Witt, Julliet J Bir, Sally N Merry
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), third-wave CBT and interpersonal therapy (IPT) based interventions for preventing depression in children and adolescents

Sarah E Hetrick et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Depression is common in young people. It has a marked negative impact and is associated with self-harm and suicide. Preventing its onset would be an important advance in public health. This is an update of a Cochrane review that was last updated in 2011.

Objectives: To determine whether evidence-based psychological interventions (including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy (IPT) and third wave CBT)) are effective in preventing the onset of depressive disorder in children and adolescents.

Search methods: We searched the specialised register of the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group (CCMDCTR to 11 September 2015), which includes relevant randomised controlled trials from the following bibliographic databases: The Cochrane Library (all years), EMBASE (1974 to date), MEDLINE (1950 to date) and PsycINFO (1967 to date). We searched conference abstracts and reference lists of included trials and reviews, and contacted experts in the field.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials of an evidence-based psychological prevention programme compared with any comparison control for young people aged 5 to 19 years, who did not currently meet diagnostic criteria for depression.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and rated their risk of bias. We adjusted sample sizes to take account of cluster designs and multiple comparisons. We contacted trial authors for additional information where needed. We assessed the quality of evidence for the primary outcomes using GRADE.

Main results: We included 83 trials in this review. The majority of trials (67) were carried out in school settings with eight in colleges or universities, four in clinical settings, three in the community and four in mixed settings. Twenty-nine trials were carried out in unselected populations and 53 in targeted populations.For the primary outcome of depression diagnosis at medium-term follow-up (up to 12 months), there were 32 trials with 5965 participants and the risk of having a diagnosis of depression was reduced for participants receiving an intervention compared to those receiving no intervention (risk difference (RD) -0.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.05 to -0.01; P value = 0.01). We rated this evidence as moderate quality according to the GRADE criteria. There were 70 trials (73 trial arms) with 13,829 participants that contributed to the analysis for the primary outcome of depression symptoms (self-rated) at the post-intervention time point, with results showing a small but statistically significant effect (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.21, 95% CI -0.27 to -0.15; P value < 0.0001). This effect persisted to the short-term assessment point (up to three months) (SMD -0.31, 95% CI -0.45 to -0.17; P value < 0.0001; 16 studies; 1558 participants) and medium-term (4 to 12 months) assessment point (SMD -0.12, 95% CI -0.18 to -0.05; P value = 0.0002; 53 studies; 11,913 participants); however, the effect was no longer evident at the long-term follow-up. We rated this evidence as low to moderate quality according to the GRADE criteria.The evidence from this review is unclear with regard to whether the type of population modified the overall effects; there was statistically significant moderation of the overall effect for depression symptoms (P value = 0.0002), but not for depressive disorder (P value = 0.08). For trials implemented in universal populations there was no effect for depression diagnosis (RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.01) and a small effect for depression symptoms (SMD -0.11, 95% CI -0.17 to -0.05). For trials implemented in targeted populations there was a statistically significantly beneficial effect of intervention (depression diagnosis RD -0.04, 95% CI -0.07 to -0.01; depression symptoms SMD -0.32, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.23). Of note were the lack of attention placebo-controlled trials in targeted populations (none for depression diagnosis and four for depression symptoms). Among trials implemented in universal populations a number used an attention placebo comparison in which the intervention consistently showed no effect.

Authors' conclusions: Overall the results show small positive benefits of depression prevention, for both the primary outcomes of self-rated depressive symptoms post-intervention and depression diagnosis up to 12 months (but not beyond). Estimates of numbers needed to treat to benefit (NNTB = 11) compare well with other public health interventions. However, the evidence was of moderate to low quality using the GRADE framework and the results were heterogeneous. Prevention programmes delivered to universal populations showed a sobering lack of effect when compared with an attention placebo control. Interventions delivered to targeted populations, particularly those selected on the basis of depression symptoms, had larger effect sizes, but these seldom used an attention placebo comparison and there are practical difficulties inherent in the implementation of targeted programmes. We conclude that there is still not enough evidence to support the implementation of depression prevention programmes.Future research should focus on current gaps in our knowledge. Given the relative lack of evidence for universal interventions compared with attention placebo controls and the poor results from well-conducted effectiveness trials of universal interventions, in our opinion any future such trials should test a depression prevention programme in an indicated targeted population using a credible attention placebo comparison group. Depressive disorder as the primary outcome should be measured over the longer term, as well as clinician-rated depression. Such a trial should consider scalability as well as the potential for the intervention to do harm.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Professor Merry and Ms J Bir have been involved in a trial of a depression prevention programme (Merry 2004). The results of this trial have been included in this update.

Sarah Hetrick is an invesitgator on a range of trials of interventions for the treatment of youth depression.

None of the other authors have any declarations of interest to declare.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA diagram
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: Review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison post‐intervention, outcome: 1.3 Depressive disorder medium‐term follow‐up (primary outcomes).
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison post‐intervention, outcome: 1.5 Depression scores (self‐report) post‐intervention follow‐up (primary outcome).
6
6
Funnel plot of analysis 1.4: Psychological intervention versus any comparison post‐intervention for depressive disorder at the medium‐term follow‐up.
7
7
Funnel plot of analysis 1.6: Psychological intervention versus any comparison post‐intervention for depression scores at the post‐intervention assessment.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 1 Depressive diagnosis (by population) post‐intervention.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 2 Depressive diagnosis short‐term follow‐up.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 3 Depressive diagnosis medium‐term follow‐up.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 4 Depressive diagnosis long‐term follow‐up.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 5 Depression symptoms (by population) post‐intervention.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 6 Depression symptoms short‐term follow‐up.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 7 Depression symptoms medium‐term follow‐up.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 8 Depression symptoms long‐term follow‐up.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 9 Depression symptoms clinician‐rated (by population) post‐intervention.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 10 Depression symptoms clinician‐rated medium‐term follow‐up.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 11 Depression symptoms clinician‐rated long‐term follow‐up.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 12 Anxiety symptoms (by population) post‐intervention.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 13 Anxiety symptoms (by population) short‐term follow‐up.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 14 Anxiety symptoms (by population) medium‐term follow‐up.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 15 Anxiety symptoms (by population) long‐term follow‐up.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 16 Social and general functioning (by population) post‐intervention.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 17 Social and general functioning (by population) short‐term follow‐up.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 18 Social and general functioning (by population) medium‐term follow‐up.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychological intervention versus any comparison, Outcome 19 Social and general functioning (by population) long‐term follow‐up.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Psychological intervention versus any comparison for targeted interventions, Outcome 1 Depressive diagnosis medium‐term follow‐up.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Psychological intervention versus any comparison for targeted interventions, Outcome 2 Depression symptoms post‐intervention.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Psychological intervention versus any comparison for targeted interventions, Outcome 3 Depression symptoms medium‐term follow‐up.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Psychological intervention versus any comparison for universal interventions, Outcome 1 Depressive diagnosis medium‐term follow‐up.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Psychological intervention versus any comparison for universal interventions, Outcome 2 Depression symptoms post‐intervention.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Psychological intervention versus any comparison for universal interventions, Outcome 3 Depression symptoms medium‐term follow‐up.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Psychological intervention versus any comparison for selected and indicated interventions, Outcome 1 Depressive diagnosis medium‐term follow‐up.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Psychological intervention versus any comparison for selected and indicated interventions, Outcome 2 Depression symptoms (by population) post‐intervention.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Self‐reported depression symptoms versus clinician‐rated depression symptoms, Outcome 1 Depression scores (by assessor) post‐intervention.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Self‐reported depression symptoms versus clinician‐rated depression symptoms, Outcome 2 Depression scores medium‐term follow‐up.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Self‐reported depression symptoms versus clinician‐rated depression symptoms, Outcome 3 Depression scores long‐term follow‐up.
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    1. O'Leary‐Barrett M, Topper L, Al‐Khudhairy N, Pihl RO, Castellanos‐Ryan N, Mackie CJ, et al. Two‐year impact of personality‐targeted, teacher‐delivered interventions on youth internalizing and externalizing problems: a cluster‐randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2013;52:911‐20. - PubMed
Pattison 2001 {published data only}
    1. Pattison C, Lynd‐Stevenson R. The prevention of depressive symptoms in children: the immediate and long‐term outcomes of a school‐based program. Behaviour Change 2001;18(2):92‐102.
Petersen 1997 {published data only}
    1. Petersen A, Leffert A, Graham B, Alwin J, Ding S. Promoting mental health during the transition into adolescence. In: Schulenberg J, Maggs JL, Hierrelmann AK editor(s). Health Risks and Developmental Transitions During Adolescence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1997:471‐97.
Pössel 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pösell P, Horn AB, Hautzinger M. Preliminary results of a school‐based depression prevention program for adolescents [Erst ergebnisse eines programms zur schulbasierten pravention von depressiven symptomen bei jugendlichen]. Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitpsychologie 2003;11(1):10‐20.
    1. Pössel P, Baldus C, Horn AB, Groen G, Hautzinger M. Influence of general self‐efficacy on the effects of a school‐based universal primary prevention program: a randomized and controlled follow‐up study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2005;46(9):982‐94. - PubMed
    1. Pössel P, Horn AB, Groen G, Hautzinger M. School‐based prevention of depressive symptoms in adolescents: a 6‐month follow‐up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;43(8):1003‐10. - PubMed
    1. Pössel P, Horn AB, Hautzinger M. Comparison of two school based depression prevention programs for adolescents. Zeitschrift fur Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie 2006;35(2):109‐16.
    1. Wahl MS, Patak, MA, Pössel P, Hautzinger M. A school‐based universal programme to prevent depression and to build up life skills. Journal of Public Health 2011;19(4):349‐56.
Pössel 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pössel P, Adelson JL, Hautzinger M. A randomized trial to evaluate the course of effects of a program to prevent adolescent depressive symptoms over 12 months. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2011;49(12):838‐51. - PubMed
    1. Pössel P, Seemann S, Hautzinger M. Impact of comorbidity in prevention of adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2008;55(1):106‐17.
Pössel 2013 {published data only}
    1. Pössel P, Martin NC, Garber J, Hautzinger M. A randomized controlled trial of a cognitive‐behavioral program for the prevention of depression in adolescents compared with nonspecific and no‐intervention control conditions. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2013;60(3):432‐8. - PubMed
Puskar 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Puskar K, Lamb J, Tusai‐Mumford K. Teaching kids to cope: a preventive mental health nursing strategy for adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 1997;10(3):18‐28. - PubMed
    1. Puskar K, Sereika S, Tusaie‐Mumford K. Effect of the Teaching Kids to Cope (TKC) Program on outcomes of depression and coping among rural adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 2003;16(2):71‐80. - PubMed
Quayle 2001 {published data only}
    1. Quayle D, Dziuraweic S. The effect of an optimism and lifeskills program on depressive symptoms in preadolescence. Behaviour Change 2001;18(4):194‐203.
Reynolds 2011 {published data only}
    1. Reynolds EK, MacPherson L, Tull MT, Baruch DE, Lejuez CW. Integration of the brief Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression (BATD) into a college orientation program: depression and alcohol outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2011;58(4):555‐64. - PMC - PubMed
Rivet‐Duval 2010 {unpublished data only}
    1. Rivet‐Duval E. Preventing Adolescent Depression and Suicide in Mauritius: The Efficacy of a Universal School‐based Program [MSc thesis]. Sydney, NSW: University of Sydney, 2005.
    1. Rivet‐Duval E, Heriot S, Hunt C. Preventing adolescent depression in Mauritius: a universal school‐based program. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2010;16(2):86‐91. - PubMed
Roberts 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Roberts C, Kane R, Bishop B, Matthews H, Thomson H. The prevention of depressive symptoms in rural school children: a follow‐up study. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2004;6(3):4‐16.
    1. Roberts C, Kane R, Thomson H, Bishop B, Hart B. The prevention of depressive symptoms in rural school children: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2003;71(3):622‐8. - PubMed
Roberts 2010 {published data only}
    1. Roberts CM, Kane R, Bishop B, Cross D, Fenton J, Hart B. The prevention of anxiety and depression in children from disadvantaged schools. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2010;48(1):68‐73. - PubMed
Rohde 2014a {published data only}
    1. Brière FN, Rohde P, Shaw H, Stice E. Moderators of two indicated cognitive‐behavioral depression prevention approaches for adolescents in a school‐based effectiveness trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2014;53:55‐62. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rohde P, Stice E, Shaw H, Brière FN. Indicated cognitive behavioral group depression prevention compared to bibliotherapy and brochure control: acute effects of an effectiveness trial with adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2014;82(1):65‐74. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rohde P, Stice E, Shaw H, Gau JM. Effectiveness trial of an indicated cognitive‐behavioral group adolescent depression prevention program versus bibliotherapy and brochure control at 1‐ and 2‐year follow‐up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2015;83(4):736‐47. - PMC - PubMed
Rohde 2014b {published data only}
    1. Rohde P, Stice E, Shaw H, Gau JM. Cognitive‐behavioral group depression prevention compared to bibliotherapy and brochure control: nonsignificant effects in pilot effectiveness trial with college students. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2014;55:48‐53. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rohde PD. Effectiveness trial of an adolescent depression prevention program [NCT00904891]. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00904891 2009.
Rooney 2006 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Rooney R, Roberts C, Kane R, Pike L, Winsor A, White J, Brown A. The prevention of depression in 8‐ to 9‐year‐old children: a pilot study. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 2006;16(1):76‐90.
Rooney 2013 {published data only}
    1. Johnstone J, Rooney RM, Hassan S, Kane RT. Prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents: 42 and 54 months follow‐up of the Aussie Optimism Program‐Positive Thinking Skills. Frontiers in Psychology 2014;5:364. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rooney R, Hassan S, Kane R, Roberts CM, Nesa M. Reducing depression in 9‐10 year old children in low SES schools: a longitudinal universal randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2013;51(12):845‐54. - PubMed
Rose 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rose K, Hawes DJ, Hunt CJ. Randomized controlled trial of a friendship skills intervention on adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2014;82(3):510‐20. - PubMed
Sawyer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sawyer MG, Harchak TF, Spence SH, Bond L, Graetz B, Kay D, et al. School‐based prevention of depression: A 2‐year follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial of the beyondblue schools research initiative. Journal of Adolescent Health 2010;47(3):297‐304. - PubMed
    1. Sawyer MG, Pfeiffer S, Spence SH, Bond L, Graetz B, Kay D, et al. School‐based prevention of depression: a randomised controlled study of the beyondblue schools research initiative. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2010;51(2):199‐209. - PubMed
    1. Spence SH, Sawyer MG, Sheffield J, Patton G, Bond L, Graetz B, et al. Does the absence of a supportive family environment influence the outcome of a universal intervention for the prevention of depression?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2014;11(5):5113‐32. - PMC - PubMed
Schmiege 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schmiege SJ, Khoo ST, Sandler IN, Ayers TS, Wolchik SA. Symptoms of internalizing and externalizing problems: modelling recovery curves after the death of a parent. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006;31(6 Suppl 1):s152‐60. - PubMed
Seligman 1999 {published data only}
    1. Seligman ME, Schulman P, DeRubies RJ, Hollon SD. The prevention of depression and anxiety. Prevention and Treatment 1999; Vol. 2:ArtID8.
Seligman 2007 {published data only}
    1. Seligman ME, Schulman P, Tryon AM. Group prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007;45(6):1111‐26. - PubMed
Sethi 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sethi S, Campbell AJ, Ellis LA. The use of computerized self‐help packages to treat adolescent depression and anxiety. Journal of Technology in Human Services 2010;28:144‐60.
Shatte 1997 {published data only}
    1. Shatte AJ. Prevention of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: Issues of Dissemination and Mechanisms of Change. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 1996.
    1. Shatte AJ. Prevention of depressive symptoms in adolescents: issues of dissemination and mechanisms of change. Dissertation Abstracts International Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 1997;57(11‐B):7236.
Sheffield a2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sheffield JK, Spence SH, Rapee RM, Kowalenko N, Wignall A, Davis A, et al. Evaluation of universal, indicated and combined cognitive‐behavioral approaches to the prevention of depression among adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(1):66‐79. - PubMed
Sheffield b2006 {published data only}
    1. Sheffield JK, Spence SH, Rapee RM, Kowalenko N, Wignall A, Davis A, et al. Evaluation of universal, indicated and combined cognitive‐behavioral approaches to the prevention of depression among adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(1):66‐79. - PubMed
Sheffield c2006 {published data only}
    1. Sheffield JK, Spence SH, Rapee RM, Kowalenko N, Wignall A, Davis A, et al. Evaluation of universal, indicated and combined cognitive‐behavioral approaches to the prevention of depression among adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(1):66‐79. - PubMed
Snyder 2010 {published data only}
    1. Snyder S. School‐based positive psychoeducation in early adolescents: effects on happiness, depression, anxiety, school engagement, and persistence. Dissertation Abstracts International Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2010;71(4‐B):2727.
Spence 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Spence S, Sheffield J, Donovan C. Preventing adolescent depression: an evaluation of the Problem Solving for Life Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2003;71(1):3‐13. - PubMed
    1. Spence SH, Sheffield J, Donovan C. Problem Solving for Life: evaluation of a program to prevent depression among adolescents. Presented at the 28th Annual Conference of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies; 19‐22 July 2000; London, UK 2000.
    1. Spence SH, Sheffield JK, Donovan CL. Long‐term outcome of a school‐based, universal approach to prevention of depression in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2005;73(1):160‐7. - PubMed
Stallard 2012a {published data only}
    1. Anderson R, Ukoumunne OC, Sayal K, Phillips R, Taylor JA, Spears M, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of classroom‐based cognitive behaviour therapy in reducing symptoms of depression in adolescents: a trial‐based analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2014;55(12):1390‐7. - PubMed
    1. Phillips R, Spears MR, Montgomery AA, Millings A, Sayal K, Stallard P. Could a brief assessment of negative emotions and self‐esteem identify adolescents at current and future risk of self‐harm in the community? A prospective cohort analysis. BMC Public Health 2013;22(13):604. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stallard P. A single blind randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of group cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in the prevention of depression in high risk adolescents [ISRCTN19083628]. Health Technology Research Projects (www.hta.ac.uk/1667) 2010 (accessed 7 August 2013).
    1. Stallard P. The promise randomised controlled trial: school based CBT for the prevention of depression in young adolescents abstract. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry [abstracts of the 15th International Congress of European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, ESCAP; 2013 Jul 6‐10; Dublin Ireland] 2013;22:S131. - PubMed
    1. Stallard P, Buck R. Preventing depression and promoting resilience: feasibility study of a school‐based cognitive‐behavioural intervention. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplementum 2013;54:s18‐23. - PubMed
Stice 2006 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Marchand E, Ng J, Rohde P, Stice E. Effects of an indicated cognitive‐behavioral depression prevention program are similar for Asian American, Latino, and European American adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2010;48(8):821‐5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stice E, Burton E, Bearman SK, Rhode P. Randomized trial of a brief depression prevention program: an elusive search for a psychosocial placebo control condition. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2006;45(5):863‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Stice 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gau JM, Stice E, Rohde P, Seeley JR. Negative life events and substance use moderate cognitive behavioral adolescent depression prevention intervention. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2012;41(3):241‐50. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ritschel LA. School‐based group psychotherapy for at‐risk adolescents. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 2011;61(2):311‐7. - PubMed
    1. Rohde P, Stice E, Gau JM. Effects of three depression prevention interventions on risk for depressive disorder onset in the context of depression risk factors. Prevention Science 2012;13(6):584‐93. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rohde P, Stice E, Gau JM, Marti CN. Reduced substance use as a secondary benefit of an indicated cognitive‐behavioral adolescent depression prevention program. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours 2012;26(3):599‐608. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stice E, Rohde P, Gau J, Ochner C. Relation of depression to perceived social support: results from a randomized adolescent depression prevention trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2011;49(5):361‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Stoppelbein 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Stoppelbein L. Primary Prevention: an evaluation of a high‐school based cognitive‐behavioral program. Dissertation Abstracts International Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2003;64(8‐B):4066.
Whittaker 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Whittaker R. A randomised controlled trial of a multimedia mobile phone programme to reduce depressive symptoms in adolescents compared to an attention control mobile phone programme [ADAPT] [ACTRN12609000405213]. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN = 12609000405213 2009.
    1. Whittaker R, Merry S, Stasiak K, McDowell H, Doherty I, Shepherd M, et al. MEMO‐‐A mobile phone depression prevention intervention for adolescents: development process and postprogram findings on acceptability from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(1):e13. - PMC - PubMed
Wijnhoven 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wijnhoven LA, Creemers DH, Vermulst AA, Scholte RH, Engels RC. Randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a depression prevention program ('Op Volle Kracht') among adolescent girls with elevated depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2014;42(2):217‐28. - PubMed
Wong 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wong N, Kady L, Mewton L, Sunderland M, Andrews G. Preventing anxiety and depression in adolescents: a randomised controlled trial of two school based Internet‐delivered cognitive behavioural therapy programmes. Internet Interventions 2014;1(2):90‐4.
Woods 2011 {published data only}
    1. Woods B, Jose PE. Effectiveness of a school‐based indicated early intervention program for Maori and Pacific adolescents. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 2011;5(1):40‐50.
Young 2006 {published data only}
    1. Young JF, Gallop R, Mufson L. Mother‐child conflict and its moderating effects on depression outcomes in a preventive intervention for adolescent depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2009;38(5):696‐704. - PubMed
    1. Young JF, Kranzler A, Gallop RT, Mufson L. Interpersonal psychotherapy‐adolescent skills training: effects on school and social functioning. School Mental Health 2012;4(4):254‐64. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Young JF, Makover HB, Cohen JR, Mufson L, Gallop RJ, Benas JS. Interpersonal psychotherapy‐adolescent skills training: anxiety outcomes and impact of comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2012;41(5):640‐53. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Young JF, Mufson L, Davies M. Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy‐adolescent skills training: an indicated preventive intervention for depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2006;47(12):1254‐62. - PubMed
    1. Young JF, Mufson L, Gallop R. Preventing depression: a randomized trial of Interpersonal Psychotherapy‐Adolescent Skills Training. Depression and Anxiety 2010;27(5):426‐33. - PMC - PubMed
Young 2010a {published data only}
    1. Young J. Prevention of depression in adolescents [NCT00258752]. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00258752 2005.
    1. Young JF, Makover HB, Cohen JR, Mufson L, Gallop RJ, Benas JS. Interpersonal psychotherapy‐adolescent skills training: anxiety outcomes and impact of comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2012;41(5):640‐53. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Young JF, Mufson L, Gallop R. Preventing depression: a randomized trial of interpersonal psychotherapy‐adolescent skills training. Depression and Anxiety 2010;27(5):426‐33. - PMC - PubMed
Yu 2002‐study 3 {published data only}
    1. Yu DL, Seligman MEP. Preventing depressive symptoms in Chinese children. Prevention and Treatment 2002;5(1):No pagination specified.
    1. Yu L. Preventing depressive symptoms in Chinese children [thesis]. Dissertation Abstracts International 2000; Vol. 60, issue 12‐B:6389.

References to studies excluded from this review

Abbott 2014 {published data only}
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Berger 2008 {published data only}
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Berry 2009 {published data only}
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Bond 2004 {published data only}
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Boring 2012 {published data only}
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Bourque 2013 {published data only}
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Britton 2014 {published data only}
    1. Britton WB, Lepp NE, Niles HF, Rocha T, Fisher NE, Gold JS. A randomized controlled pilot trial of classroom‐based mindfulness meditation compared to an active control condition in sixth‐grade children. Journal of School Research 2014;52(3):263‐78. - PMC - PubMed
Brody 2012 {published data only}
    1. Brody GH, Chen YF, Kogan SM, Yu T, Molgaard VK, DiClemente RJ, et al. Family‐centered program deters substance use, conduct problems, and depressive symptoms in black adolescents. Pediatrics 2012;129(1):108‐15. - PMC - PubMed
Buttigieg 2015 {published data only}
    1. Buttigieg JP, Shortt AL, Slaviero TM, Hutchinson D, Kremer P, Toumbourou JW. A longitudinal evaluation of the Resilient Families randomized trial to prevent early adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Adolescence 2015;44:204‐13. - PubMed
Cabiya 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cabiya JJ, Padilla‐Cotto L, Gonzalez K, Sanchez‐Cestero J, Martinez‐Taboas A, Sayers S. Effectiveness of a cognitive‐behavioral intervention for Puerto Rican children. Interamerican Journal of Psychology 2008;42(2):195‐202.
Cook 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cook CR, Frye M, Slemrod T, Lyon AR, Renshaw TL, Zhang Y. An integrated approach to universal prevention: independent and combined effects of PBIS and SEL on youths' mental health. School Psychology Quarterly 2015;30:166‐83. - PMC - PubMed
Davidson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Davidson TM, Yuen EK, Felton JW, McCauley J, Gros KS, Ruggiero KJ. Feasibility assessment of a brief, web‐based behavioral activation intervention for adolescents with depressed mood. International Journal of Psychiatry Medicine 2014;48:69‐82. - PubMed
Day 2013 {published data only}
    1. Day V, McGrath PJ, Mojtowicz M. Internet‐based guided self‐help for university students with anxiety, depression and stress: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Behavior Research and Therapy 2013;51(7):344‐51. - PubMed
Gerson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gerson MW, Fernandez N. PATH: A program to build resilience and thriving in undergraduates. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2013;43(11):2169‐84.
Hains 1990 {published data only}
    1. Hains AA, Szyjakowski M. A cognitive stress‐reduction intervention program for adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1990;37(1):79‐84.
Hains 1992 {published data only}
    1. Hains AA. Comparison of cognitive‐behavioral stress management techniques with adolescent boys. Journal of Counseling & Development 1992;70:600‐5.
Hains 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hains A, Ellman S. Stress inoculation training as a preventative intervention for high school youths. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly 1994;8(3):219‐32.
Healy 2014 {published data only}
    1. Healy KL, Sanders MR. Randomized controlled trial of a family intervention for children bullied by peers. Behavior Therapy 2014;45:760‐77. - PubMed
Hoek 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hoek W, Aarts F, Schuurmans J, Cuijpers P. Who are we missing: non‐participation in an Internet intervention trial for depression and anxiety in adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2012;21(10):593‐5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hoek W, Schuumans J, Koot H, Cuijpers P. Prevention of depression and anxiety in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy and mechanisms of Internet‐based self‐help problem‐solving therapy. Trials 2009;10:93. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hoek W, Schuurmans J, Koot HM, Cuijpers P. Effects of Internet‐based guided self‐help problem‐solving therapy for adolescents with depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2012;7(8):e43485. - PMC - PubMed
Hyun 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hyun MS, Nam KA, Kim MA. Randomized controlled trial of a cognitive‐behavioral therapy for at‐risk Korean male adolescents. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 2010;24(3):202‐11. - PubMed
Ishikawa 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ishikawa S, Iwanaga M, Yamashita B, Sato H, Sato S. Long‐term effects of social skills training on depressive symptoms in children [社会的ス キ ル訓練に よ る児童の抑う つ症状への長期的効果]. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology 2010;58(3):372‐84.
Ishimura 2014 {published data only}
    1. Asano K, Hatori K, Ishimura I, Koganei K, Nomura T, Sukigara N, et al. Psycho‐educational intervention on self‐compassion attitude and its effects on depressive symptoms. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice [Abstracts of the 12th International Forum on Mood and Anxiety Disorders (IFMAD); Barcelona, Spain: 7 November, 2012 to 9 November, 2012] 2012;16:34‐5.
    1. Ishimura I, Yamaguchi M, Nomura T, Sukigara N. Effective self‐compassionate task for enhancing mental health in Japanese college students. Annual International Conference on Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology 2014:48.
King 1990 {published data only}
    1. King CA, Kirschenbaum DS. An experimental evaluation of a school‐based program for children at risk: Wisconsin early intervention. Journal of Community Psychology 1990;18(2):167‐77.
Klein 2011 {published data only}
    1. Klein B. Evaluation of a tailored online same‐sex attracted youth focused transdiagnostic/multi‐symptom mental health and wellbeing program. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611000700932.aspx 2011.
Kraag 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kraag G, Breukelen GJP, Kok G, Hosman C. 'Learn Young, Learn Fair', a stress management program for fifth and sixth graders: longitudinal results from an experimental study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2009;50(9):1185‐95. - PubMed
Kumakech 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kumakech E, Cantor‐Graae E, Maling S, Bajunirwe F. Peer‐group support intervention improves the psychosocial well‐being of AIDS orphans: cluster randomized trial. Social Science and Medicine 2009;68(6):1038‐43. - PubMed
Lamb 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lamb JM, Puskar KR, Sereika SM, Corcoran M. School‐based intervention to promote coping in rural teens. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing 1998;23(4):187‐94. - PubMed
Layne 2008 {published data only}
    1. Layne CM, Saltzman WR, Poppleton L, Burlingame GM, Pasalić A, Duraković E, et al. Effectiveness of a school‐based group psychotherapy program for war‐exposed adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(9):1048‐62. - PubMed
Lock 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lock S, Barrett PM. A longitudinal study of developmental differences in universal preventive intervention for child anxiety. Behaviour Change 2003;20(4):183‐99.
Lowry‐Webster 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lowry‐Webster HM, Barrett PM, Lock S. A universal prevention trial of anxiety symptomology during childhood: results at 1‐year follow‐up. Behaviour Change 2003;20(1):25‐43.
Manassis 2010 {published data only}
    1. Manassis K, Wilansky‐Traynor P, Farzan N, Kleiman V, Parker K, Sanford M. The feelings club: randomized controlled evaluation of school‐based CBT for anxious or depressive symptoms [ISRCTN88858028]. Depression & Anxiety 2010;27(10):945‐52. - PubMed
Manz 2001 {published data only}
    1. Manz R, Junge J, Margraf J. Primary prevention of anxious and depressive symptoms in adolescents. First results from a quasi‐experimental study. Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschafeten 2001;9:229‐30.
Marcotte 1993 {published data only}
    1. Marcotte D, Baron P. The efficacy of a school‐based rational‐emotive intervention strategy with depressive adolescents [L'efficacite d'une strategie d'intervention emotivo‐rationnelle aupres d'adolescents depressifs du milieu scolaire]. Canadian Journal of Counselling 1993;27(2):77‐92.
Mason 2007 {published data only}
    1. Mason WA, Kosterman R, Hawkins JD, Haggerty KP, Spoth RL, Redmond C. Influence of a family‐focused substance use preventive intervention on growth in adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Research on Adolescence 2007;17(3):541‐64.
Mason 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mason WA, Haggerty KP, Fleming AP, Casey‐Goldstein M. Family intervention to prevent depression and substance use among adolescents of depressed parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2012;21(6):891‐905. - PMC - PubMed
Mateu‐Martínez 2013 {published data only}
    1. Mateu‐Martínez O, Piqueras JA, Jiménez‐Albiar I, Espada JP, Carballo JL, Orgilés M. Effectiveness of a brief cognitive‐behavioral prevention program for social rejection in children [Eficacia de un programa de prevención cognitivo‐conductual breve del rechazo social en niños]. Terapia Psicológica 31;2:187‐95.
McBride 2012 {published data only}
    1. McBride MC. The effects of brief psychoeducation on adolescents' depressive symptoms and perceptions of parenting. Dissertation Abstracts International Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2012;72(8‐B):4989.
McLaughlin 2007 {published data only}
    1. McLaughlin AE, Campbell FA, Pungello EP, Skinner M. Depressive symptoms in young adults: the influences of the early home environment and early educational child care. Child Development 2007;78(3):746‐56. - PubMed
Muriungi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Muriungi SK, Ndetei DM. Effectiveness of psycho‐education on depression, hopelessness, suicidality, anxiety and substance use among basic diploma students at Kenya Medical Training College. South African Journal of Psychiatry 2013;19(2):41‐50.
Palermo 2009 {published data only}
    1. Palermo TM, Wilson AC, Peters M, Lewandowski A, Somhegyi H. Randomized controlled trial of an Internet‐delivered family cognitive‐behavioral therapy intervention for children and adolescents with chronic pain. Pain 2009;146:205‐13. - PMC - PubMed
Parker 2011 {published data only}
    1. Parker AG, Hetrick SE, Jorm AF, Yung AR, McGorry PD, Mackinnon AJ, et al. The effectiveness of simple psychological and exercise interventions for high prevalence mental health problems in young people: a factorial randomised controlled trial [ACTRN12608000550303]. Trials 2011;12:76‐83. - PMC - PubMed
Peters 2014 {published data only}
    1. Peters HO. Social connections: Internet prevention of loneliness and depression in first year university students PhD dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2014.
Raider 2008 {published data only}
    1. Raider MC, Steele W, Delillo‐Storey M, Jacobs J, Kuban C. Structured sensory therapy (SITCAP‐ART) for traumatized adjudicated adolescents in residential treatment. Residential Treatment For Children and Youth 2008;25(2):167‐85.
Reid 2011 {published data only}
    1. Reid SC, Kauer SD, Hearps SJC, Crooke ADA, Khor AS, Sanci LA, et al. A mobile phone application for the assessment and management of youth mental health problems in primary care: a randomised controlled trial [NCT00794222]. BMC Family Practice 2011;12:131. - PMC - PubMed
Sankaranarayanan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sankaranarayanan A, Cycil C. Resiliency training in Indian children: a pilot investigation of the Penn Resiliency Program. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2014;11(4):4125‐39. - PMC - PubMed
Shen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Shen Y‐J. Short‐term group play therapy with Chinese earthquake victims: effects on anxiety, depression and adjustment. International Journal of Play Therapy 2002;11(1):43‐63.
Sibinga 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sibinga EM, Perry‐Parrish C, Chung SE, Johnson SB, Smith M, Ellen JM. School‐based mindfulness instruction for urban male youth: a small randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2013;57(6):799‐801. - PubMed
Simpson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Simpson AT. The Roles of Self‐Regulation and Coping in a Preventative Cognitive‐Behavioural Intervention for School‐Age Children At‐Risk for Internalizing Disorders [Thesis]. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto, 2007.
Singhal 2014 {published data only}
    1. Singhal M, Manjula M, Vijay Sagar KJ. Development of a school‐based program for adolescents at‐risk for depression in India: results from a pilot study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2014;10:56‐61. - PubMed
Stallard 2014 {published data only}
    1. Stallard P, Skryabina E, Taylor G, Phillips R, Daniels H, Anderson R, et al. Classroom‐based cognitive behaviour therapy (FRIENDS): a cluster randomised controlled trial to Prevent Anxiety in Children through Education in Schools (PACES). Lancet Psychiatry 2014;1:185‐92. - PubMed
Stallard 2015 {published data only}
    1. Stallard P, Skryabina E, Taylor G, Phillips R, Daniels H, Anderson R, et al. Can school‐based CBT programmes reduce anxiety in children? Results from the preventing anxiety in children through education in schools (PACES) randomised controlled trial. European Psychiatry 2015:190.
Stasiak 2014 {published data only}
    1. Stasiak K, Hatcher S, Frampton C, Merry SN. A pilot double blind randomized placebo controlled trial of a prototype computer‐based cognitive behavioural therapy program for adolescents with symptoms of depression. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2014;42(4):385‐401. - PubMed
Tol 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tol WA, Komproe IH, Susanty D, Jordans MJ, Macy RD, Jong JT. School‐based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: a cluster randomized trial. JAMA 2008;300(6):655‐62. - PubMed
Treutiger 2013 {published data only}
    1. Treutiger B‐M, Lindberg L. Prevention of depressive symptoms among adolescent girls. In: Andershed A‐K editor(s). Girls at Risk: Advancing Responsible Adolescent Development. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013:57‐78.
van de Weijer‐Bergsma 2014 {published data only}
    1. Weijer‐Bergsma E, Langenberg G, Brandsma R, Oort FJ, Bögels SM. The effectiveness of a school‐based mindfulness training as a program to prevent stress in elementary school children. Mindfulness 2014;5:238‐48.
Van Voorhees 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hoek W, Marko M, Fogel J, Schuurmans J, Gladstone T, Bradford N, et al. Randomized controlled trial of primary care physician motivational interviewing versus brief advice to engage adolescents with an Internet‐based depression prevention intervention: 6‐month outcomes and predictors of improvement. Translational Research 2011;158(6):315‐25. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Iloabachie C, Wells C, Goodwin B, Baldwin M, Vanderplough‐Booth K, Gladstone T, et al. Adolescent and parent experiences with a primary care/Internet‐based depression prevention intervention (CATCH‐IT). General Hospital Psychiatry 2011;33(6):543‐55. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Saulsberry A, Marko‐Holguin M, Blomeke K, Hinkle C, Fogel J, Gladstone T, et al. Randomized clinical trial of a primary care Internet‐based intervention to prevent adolescent depression: one‐year outcomes. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2013;22(2):106‐17. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Voorhees BW. A randomized controlled trial of a primary care Internet‐based depression prevention intervention for adolescents (CATCH‐IT): 12‐month outcomes. Journal of Investigative Medicine [Abstracts of the 2010 Combined Annual Meeting of the Central Society for Clinical Research and the Midwestern Section American Federation for Medical Research; Chicago, IL: 22 April, 2010 to 23 April, 2010] 2010;58(4):654.
    1. Voorhees BW, Fogel J, Pomper BE, Marko M, Reid N, Watson N, et al. Adolescent dose and ratings of an Internet‐based depression prevention program: a randomized trial of primary care physician brief advice versus a motivational interview. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies 2009;9(1):1‐19. - PMC - PubMed
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Wahl 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wahl MS, Adelson JL, Patak MA, Pössel P, Hautzinger M. Teachers or psychologists: who should facilitate depression prevention programs in schools?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2014;11(5):5294‐316. - PMC - PubMed
Wolchik 2000 {published data only}
    1. Luecken LJ, Hagan MJ, Mahrer NE, Wolchik SA, Sandler IN, Tein JY. Effects of a prevention program for divorced families on youth cortisol reactivity 15 years later. Psychology & Health 2015;30:751‐69. - PMC - PubMed
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Zehnder 2010 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Baramkoohi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Baramkoohi AA. Training in life skills for decreasing depression [آموزش مهارتهاي زندگي براي كاهش افسردگي]. Journal of Iranian Psychologists 2009;5(20):297‐306.
Cohen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cohen EN. Effects of self‐administered rosy glow optimism training on mental health in dysphoric college students. Dissertation Abstracts International Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2014; Vol. 74:No pagination specified.
Ehring 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ehring T. Randomized controlled trial evaluating two versions of a rumination‐focused CBT training for the presence of depression and anxiety in adolescents and young adults. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01223677 2010.
La Greca 2013 {published data only}
    1. Greca A. Coping with adolescent peer victimization and reducing anxious/depressed symptoms. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02011438 2013.
Levin 2014 {published data only}
    1. Levin ME. Evaluating a prototype acceptance and commitment training web‐based prevention program for depression and anxiety in college students. Dissertation Abstracts International Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2014; Vol. 75:No pagination specified.
    1. Levin ME, Pistorello J, Seeley JR, Hayes SC. Feasibility of a prototype web‐based acceptance and commitment therapy prevention program for college students. Journal of American College Health 2014;62:20‐30. - PMC - PubMed
McCauly 2003 {published data only}
    1. McCauly E, Stoep A. Middle school to high school transition project. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00071513 2003.
Rasing 2013 {published data only}
    1. Rasing SPA, Creemers DHM, Janssens JMAM, Scholte RHJ. Effectiveness of depression and anxiety prevention in adolescents with high familial risk: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:316‐22. - PMC - PubMed
Redzic 2014 {published data only}
    1. Redzic NM. The effects of an Internet‐based psychoeducational program on reducing depressive symptoms in adolescents. Dissertation Abstracts International Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2014;74:No pagination specified.
Saulsberry 2013 {published data only}
    1. Saulsberry A, Corden ME, Taylor‐Crawford K, Crawford TJ, Johnson M, Froemel J, et al. Chicago Urban Resiliency Building (CURB): an Internet‐based depression‐prevention intervention for urban African‐American and Latino adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2013;22(1):150‐60.
Tak 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tak YR, Kleinjan M, Lichtwarck‐Aschoff A, Engels RC. Secondary outcomes of a school‐based universal resiliency training for adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2014;14:1171. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tak YR, Lichtwarck‐Aschoff A, Gillham JE, Zundert RMP, Engels RCME. Universal school‐based depression prevention 'op volle kracht': a longitudinal cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2015 Sep 25 [Epub ahead of print]. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tak YR, Zundert RM, Kuijpers RCWM, Vlokhoven BS, Rensink HFW, Engels RCME. A randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a universal school‐based depression prevention program 'Op Volle Kracht' in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health 2012;12:21‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Tang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tang T‐C, Huang S‐Y. Interpersonal psychotherapy for treating psychological disturbances in adolescents who experienced bullied experiences: randomized case control study [Abstract 426]. European Psychiatry 2013;28(Suppl 1):1.
van Voorhees 2010 {published data only}
    1. Voorhees B. Primary Care Internet‐Based Depression Prevention for Adolescents (CATCH‐IT). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01228890 2010.

References to ongoing studies

Chim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Chim D. Adaptation of a US Internet tool to prevent depression and addiction in Hong Kong adolescents. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01783652 2013.
Garber 2013 {published data only}
    1. Garber J. Family cognitive behavioral prevention of depression in youth and parents. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02021578 2013.
Geisner 2013 {published data only}
    1. Geisner IM, Mittman A, Kilmer JR. Web based personalized intervention for risky drinking college students with depressed mood: examining the moderating effect of drinking motives. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research [Abstracts of the 36th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism (RSA) Annual Conference; Orlando, FL: 22 June, 2013 to 26 June, 2013]. 2013:81A.
Nauta 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nauta MH, Festen H, Reichart CG, Nolen WA, Stant AD, Bockting CL, et al. Preventing mood and anxiety disorders in youth: a multi‐centre RCT in the high risk offspring of depressed and anxious patients. BMC Psychiatry 2012;12:31‐43. - PMC - PubMed
Platt 2014a {published data only}
    1. Platt B, Pietsch K, Krick K, Oort F, Schulte‐Körne G. Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of a cognitive‐behavioural prevention programme for the children of parents with depression: the PRODO trial. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:263. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Platt BJ, Schulte‐Körne G. Primary Prevention Of Depression in Offspring of Depressed Parents (PRODO). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02115880 2014.
Toth 2011 {published data only}
    1. Toth S, Cicchetti D, Todd Manly J. Prevention of depression in maltreated and nonmaltreated adolescents. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01534377 2011.
Van Voorhees 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gladstone G, Marko‐Holguin M, Rothberg P, Nidetz J, Diehl A, DeFrino DT, et al. An internet‐based adolescent depression preventive intervention: study protocol for a randomized control trial. Trials 2015;16:203. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Voorhees B, Marko M. Primary Care Internet Based Depression Prevention for Adolescents (CATCH‐IT) (also known as 'Promoting AdolescenT Health' or 'PATH'). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01893749 2012.

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References to other published versions of this review

Merry 2004a
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