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Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Aug 10;2016(8):CD006982.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006982.pub4.

Cycled light in the intensive care unit for preterm and low birth weight infants

Iris Morag  1 , Arne Ohlsson
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Cycled light in the intensive care unit for preterm and low birth weight infants

Iris Morag et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

Abstract

Background: Potential benefits and harms of different lighting in neonatal units have not been quantified.

Objectives: • To determine effectiveness and safety of cycled light (CL) (approximately 12 hours of light on and 12 hours of light off) for growth in preterm infants at three and six months' corrected age (CA).• In separate analyses, to compare effects of CL with those of irregularly dimmed light (DL) or near darkness (ND), and effects of CL with those of continuous bright light (CBL), on growth in preterm infants at three and six months' CA.• To assess, in subgroup analyses, the effectiveness and safety of CL (vs control interventions (DL, ND and CBL)) introduced at different postmenstrual ages (PMAs) - before 32 weeks', at 32 weeks' and from 36 weeks' PMA - and to compare effectiveness and safety of CL for small for gestational age (GA) infants versus appropriately grown infants.

Search methods: We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 12), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to January 2016), Embase (1980 to January 2016) and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; 1982 to January 2016). We searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings and reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials.

Selection criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised trials of CL versus ND or CBL in preterm and low birth weight infants.

Data collection and analysis: We performed data collection and analyses according to the methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the quality of evidence.

Main results: We identified one additional study enrolling 38 participants for inclusion in this update, for a total of nine studies reporting on 544 infants. In general, the quality of the studies was low, mainly owing to lack of blinding and small sample sizes.Six studies enrolling 424 infants compared CL versus ND. No study reported on weight at three or six months. One study (n = 40) found no statistically significant difference in weight at four months between CL and ND groups. In another study (n = 62), the ratio of day-night activity before discharge favoured the CL group (mean difference (MD) 0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17 to 0.19), indicating 18% more activity during the day than during the night in the CL group compared with the ND group. Two studies (n = 189) reported on retinopathy of prematurity (stage ≥ 3) and reported no statistically significant differences between CL and ND groups (typical risk ratio (RR) 0.53, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.11, I(2) = 0%; typical risk difference (RD) -0.09, 95% CI -0.19 to 0.01, I(2) = 0%). Two studies (n = 77) reported length of hospital stay (days) and noted a significant reduction in length of stay between CL and ND groups favouring the CL group (weighted mean difference (WMD) -13 days, 95% CI -23 to -2, I(2) = 0%; no heterogeneity). The quality of the evidence according to GRADE was low for this outcome. One study (n = 37) reported less crying at 11 weeks' corrected age (CA) in the CL group compared with the ND group (MD -0.57 hours/24 h, 95% CI -1.09 to -0.05). Tests for heterogeneity were not applicable.Three studies enrolling 120 infants compared CL versus CBL. Two studies (n = 79) reported significantly shorter length of stay in the CL group compared with the CBL group (WMD -16.5 days, 95% CI -26.2 to -6.8, I(2) = 0%; no heterogeneity). The quality of the evidence according to GRADE was low for this outcome. One study (n = 41) reported higher mean weight at three months' CA among infants cared for in the CL nursery (P value < 0.02) and a lower mean number of hours spent awake in 24 hours at three months of age (P value < 0.005). Data could not be entered into RevMan or GRADE. One study (n = 41) reported shorter time on the ventilator in the CL compared with the CBL group (MD -18.2 days, 95% CI -31.40 to -5.0). One study (n = 41) reported a shorter time to first oral feeding in the CL group (MD -6.8 days, 95% CI -13.29 to -0.31). We identified no safety issues.

Authors' conclusions: Trials assessing the effects of CL have enrolled 544 infants. No study reported on our primary outcome of weight at three or six months. Results from one additional study strengthen our findings that CL versus CBL shortens length of stay, as does CL versus ND. The quality of the evidence on both comparisons for this outcome according to GRADE was low. Future research should focus on comparing CL versus ND.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Iris Morage ‐ none.

Arne Ohlsson ‐ none.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram: review update.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), outcome: 1.20 Length of stay (days) (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 2 Cycled light (CL) versus continuous bright light (CBL), outcome: 2.3 Length of stay (days) (CL from birth).
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 1 Weight (g) at 4 months.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 2 Weight (g) at 35 weeks' PMA.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 3 Weight on day 14 (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 4 Weight gain by day 14 (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 5 Mean age when birth weight was regained (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 6 Cumulative mean weekly weight gain (g) (CL from birth).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 7 Cumulative mean weekly weight gain (g) (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 8 Daily weight gain (grams/d) during neonatal care (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 9 Calories/kg/d (CL from birth).
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 10 Calories/kg/d (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 11 Day of life to start feeds (CL from birth).
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 12 Day of life to start feeds (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 13 Day of life to full feeds (CL from birth).
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 14 Day of life to full feeds (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 15 Ventilator days (CL from birth).
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 16 Ventilator days (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 17 Days in supplemental oxygen (CL from birth).
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 18 Days in supplemental oxygen (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 19 Length of stay (days) (CL from birth).
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 20 Length of stay (days) (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 21 ROP (any stage) (CL from birth or from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 22 ROP (stage ≥ 3) (CL from birth or from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 23 Infants requiring laser surgery (CL from birth or from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 24 Ratio of day‐night activity over the 10 days preceding discharge from the hospital (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 25 Period length of entrained circadian rhythms over first 10 days at home (h) (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 26 Total number of movements per day (10 to 0 days before discharge) (Actogram data) (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 27 Total number of movements per day (1‐10 days after discharge) (Actogram data) (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 28 Total number of movements per day (11‐20 days after discharge) (Actogram data) (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 29 Total number of movements per day (21‐30 days after discharge) (Actogram data) (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 30 Sleep (hours/24 h) at 5 weeks' CA (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 31 Sleep (hours/24 h) at 11 weeks' CA (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 32 Activity count per 24 hours at 5 weeks' CA (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.33
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 33 Activity count per 24 hours at 11 weeks' CA (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 34 Wake and content (hours/24 h) at 5 weeks' CA (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.35
1.35. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 35 Wake and content (hours/24 h) at 11 weeks' CA (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.36
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 36 Crying (hours/24 h) at 5 weeks' CA (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
1.37
1.37. Analysis
Comparison 1 Cycled light (CL) versus irregular dimmed light or near darkness (ND), Outcome 37 Crying (hours/24 h) at 11 weeks' CA (CL from 32 weeks' PMA).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cycled light (CL) versus continuous bright light (CBL), Outcome 1 Mean caloric intake (kcal/kg/d) (CL from birth).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cycled light (CL) versus continuous bright light (CBL), Outcome 2 Days to first oral feeding (CL from birth).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cycled light (CL) versus continuous bright light (CBL), Outcome 3 Length of stay (days) (CL from birth).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cycled light (CL) versus continuous bright light (CBL), Outcome 4 Days requiring supplemental oxygen (CL from birth).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Cycled light (CL) versus continuous bright light (CBL), Outcome 5 Days on ventilator (CL from birth).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

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Morag 2011
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Publication types