Sex and Gender: Critical Variables in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Medical Research

Eugenia Morselli¹, Aaron P Frank², Roberta S Santos³, Luciana A Fátima⁴, Biff F Palmer⁵, Deborah J Clegg⁶

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
² Department of Biomedical Research, Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
³ Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, e Centro de Pesquisa em Obesidade e Comorbidades, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
⁴ Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
⁶ Department of Biomedical Research, Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. Electronic address: deborah.clegg@cshs.org.

PMID: 27508869
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.017

Free article

Review

Sex and Gender: Critical Variables in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Medical Research

Eugenia Morselli et al. Cell Metab. 2016.

Free article

. 2016 Aug 9;24(2):203-9.

doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.017.

Authors

Eugenia Morselli¹, Aaron P Frank², Roberta S Santos³, Luciana A Fátima⁴, Biff F Palmer⁵, Deborah J Clegg⁶

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
² Department of Biomedical Research, Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
³ Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, e Centro de Pesquisa em Obesidade e Comorbidades, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil.
⁴ Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
⁶ Department of Biomedical Research, Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. Electronic address: deborah.clegg@cshs.org.

PMID: 27508869
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.017

Erratum in

Sex and Gender: Critical Variables in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Medical Research.
Morselli E, Frank AP, Santos RS, Fátima LA, Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Morselli E, et al. Cell Metab. 2016 Sep 13;24(3):520. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.007. Epub 2016 Sep 13. Cell Metab. 2016. PMID: 27626201 No abstract available.

Abstract

In this Essay, we discuss the critical need to incorporate sex and gender in pre-clinical and clinical research to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which metabolic processes differ by sex and gender. This knowledge will allow for development of personalized medicine which will optimize therapies specific for individuals.

Keywords: cardiovascular diseases; chromosome; estrogens; gender; obesity; sex; testosterone; type 2 diabetes.

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Sex and Gender: Critical Variables in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Medical Research

Affiliations

Sex and Gender: Critical Variables in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Medical Research

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Affiliations

Erratum in

Abstract

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