Accumulation of material and lifestyle problems among daily smokers in Norway 1999 to 2013 - a cross-sectional analysis

Abstract

Background: International studies have found that smoking is increasingly concentrated among lesser-privileged individuals and marginalised groups, indicating a possible rise in daily smokers' accumulated problem burden. The study asks whether material shortages and occurrence of behaviours related to poor health are increasing among daily smokers in Norway, and whether the time trends differ between daily smokers on the one hand, and occasional and non-smokers on the other.

Method: The study used data acquired by biennial cross-sectional surveys from 1999 to 2013 of the adult (i.e. over 15) Norwegian population. Time trends in individual and accumulated material and lifestyle problems among daily smokers and non-daily and non-smokers combined were assessed using logistic regression analyses for men and women separately.

Results: The accumulation of problems in any isolated survey is higher among daily smokers than other respondents. Over the longer term, however, there are few signs of decline in any group, except in regards to frequent alcohol drinking, which increased in all studied groups. The only problem factor differentiating daily smokers from occasional smokers/non-smokers that did change during the period was quality of diet. While problem accumulation declined in all but one group, i.e., male daily smokers, the difference between them and the group of occasional smokers and non-smokers was not significant.

Conclusion: Daily smokers are generally worse off than occasional smokers and non-smokers combined. However, the accumulation of material problems and health-risk behaviours by daily smokers and occasional smokers/non-smokers did not change significantly and all groups had fewer problems in 2013 than in 1999.

Keywords: Accumulation of problems; Lifestyle; Marginalisation; Smoking.

Fig. 1

Prevalence of daily smoking from 1999 to 2013. Weighted data, total number of respondents each year in parentheses

Fig. 2

a Material and lifestyle problems among daily smokers and occasional and non-smokers combined between 1999 and 2013. Age-adjusted percentages (ANOVA). Men. b Material and lifestyle problems among daily smokers and occasional and non-smokers combined between 1999 and 2013. Age-adjusted percentages (ANOVA). Women

Fig. 3

Mean problem score (with SE) 1999–2013. Mean problem score differ between smoking groups each individual year and all years combined (P < 0.001, T-test)