Acclimation Training Improves Endurance Cycling Performance in the Heat without Inducing Endotoxemia

Abstract

Purpose: While the intention of endurance athletes undertaking short term heat training protocols is to rapidly gain meaningful physical adaption prior to competition in the heat, it is currently unclear whether or not this process also presents an overt, acute challenge to the immune system. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the effects of heat training on both endurance performance and biomarkers associated with inflammatory and immune system responses.

Methods: Moderately-actively males (n = 24) were allocated randomly to either HOT (n = 8, 35°C, and 70% RH; NEUTRAL (n = 8, 20°C, and 45% RH); or a non-exercising control group, (CON, n = 8). Over the 18 day study HOT and NEUTRAL performed seven training sessions (40 min cycling at 55 of VO2 max) and all participants completed three heat stress tests (HST) at 35°C and 70% RH. The HST protocol comprised three × sub-maximal intervals followed by a 5 km time trial on a cycle ergometer. Serum samples were collected before and after each HST and analyzed for interleukin-6, immunoglobulin M and lipopolysaccharide.

Results: Both HOT and NEUTRAL groups experienced substantial improvement to 5 km time trial performance (HOT -33 ± 20 s, p = 0.02, NEUTRAL -39 ± 18 s, p = 0.01) but only HOT were faster (-45 ± 25 s, and -12 s ± 7 s, p = 0.01) in HST3 compared to baseline and HST2. Interleukin-6 was elevated after exercise for all groups however there were no significant changes for immunoglobulin M or lipopolysaccharide.

Conclusions: Short-term heat training enhances 5 km cycling time trial performance in moderately-fit subjects by ~6%, similar in magnitude to exercise training in neutral conditions.Three top-up training sessions yielded a further 3% improvement in performance for the HOT group. Furthermore, the heat training did not pose a substantial challenge to the immune system.

Keywords: cycling; cytokine; endurance performance; heat acclimation; inflammation; lipopolysacharide.

Figure 1

Study timeline for Heat Training (HOT), Thermo-neutral Training (NEUTRAL), and Control (CON) groups.

Figure 2

Adjusted means ± SD of 5 km time trial performance (s) across heat stress tests (HST) 1, 2, and 3 for Heat (HOT), Thermo-neutral (NEUTRAL), and Control (CON) groups. ^*Faster from baseline. ^†Faster than HST 2_. ΩHOT was faster than CON.

Figure 3

Core temperature for Heat Training (HOT), Thermo-neutral Training (NEUTRAL), and Control (CON) groups during Heat Stress Tests (HST) 1, 2, and 3, expressed as mean ± SD. ^*Reduced from baseline at HST 2. †Reduced from baseline at HST 3.

Figure 4

Serum concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), and Lipopolysaccharide pre and post Heat Stress Tests 1, 2, and 3. ^* Increased from pre exercise concentration.