Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2016:2016:6963976.
doi: 10.1155/2016/6963976. Epub 2016 Jul 20.

Convergence Insufficiency, Accommodative Insufficiency, Visual Symptoms, and Astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Students

Amy L Davis  1 , Erin M Harvey  2 , J Daniel Twelker  2 , Joseph M Miller  3 , Tina Leonard-Green  1 , Irene Campus  1
Affiliations

Convergence Insufficiency, Accommodative Insufficiency, Visual Symptoms, and Astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Students

Amy L Davis et al. J Ophthalmol. 2016.

Abstract

Purpose. To determine rate of convergence insufficiency (CI) and accommodative insufficiency (AI) and assess the relation between CI, AI, visual symptoms, and astigmatism in school-age children. Methods. 3rd-8th-grade students completed the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) and binocular vision testing with correction if prescribed. Students were categorized by astigmatism magnitude (no/low: <1.00 D, moderate: 1.00 D to <3.00 D, and high: ≥3.00 D), presence/absence of clinical signs of CI and AI, and presence of symptoms. Analyses determine rate of clinical CI and AI and symptomatic CI and AI and assessed the relation between CI, AI, visual symptoms, and astigmatism. Results. In the sample of 484 students (11.67 ± 1.81 years of age), rate of symptomatic CI was 6.2% and symptomatic AI 18.2%. AI was more common in students with CI than without CI. Students with AI only (p = 0.02) and with CI and AI (p = 0.001) had higher symptom scores than students with neither CI nor AI. Moderate and high astigmats were not at increased risk for CI or AI. Conclusions. With-the-rule astigmats are not at increased risk for CI or AI. High comorbidity rates of CI and AI and higher symptoms scores with AI suggest that research is needed to determine symptomatology specific to CI.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mean Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) score by presence/absence of clinical convergence insufficiency (CI) and clinical accommodative insufficiency (AI). Dashed line represents the CITT cutoff score for “symptomatic” CI.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Marran L. F., De Land P. N., Nguyen A. L. Accommodative insufficiency is the primary source of symptoms in children diagnosed with convergence insufficiency. Optometry and Vision Science. 2006;83(5):E281–E289. doi: 10.1097/01.opx.0000216097.78951.7b. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Scheiman M., Wick B. Clinical Management of Binocular Vision: Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders. 3rd. Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands: Wolters Kluwer; 2008.
    1. García-Muñoz Á., Carbonell-Bonete S., Cacho-Martínez P. Symptomatology associated with accommodative and binocular vision anomalies. Journal of Optometry. 2014;7(4):178–192. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2014.06.005. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cacho-Martínez P., García-Muñoz Á., Ruiz-Cantero M. T. Do we really know the prevalence of accomodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions? Journal of Optometry. 2010;3(4):185–197. doi: 10.1016/S1888-4296(10)70028-5. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cooper J., Jamal N. Convergence insufficiency-a major review. Optometry. 2012;83(4):137–158. - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources