Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2016 Oct 4;7(40):66226-66238.
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.11265.

The etiologic spectrum of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in young patients

Xin Liu  1   2 , Xiao-Lei Gao  1   2 , Xin-Hua Liang  1   2 , Ya-Ling Tang  1   3
Affiliations
Review

The etiologic spectrum of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in young patients

Xin Liu et al. Oncotarget. .

Abstract

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), accounting for more than 80% in head and neck malignancies, kills thousands of people a year in the world. Despite most of the patients are more than 45, and the occurrences of head and neck cancer shows a decreasing trend; however, horribly, the incidences of the patients under 45 years old is steadily increasing. Hence, it's of vital importance to get more pathogen information about risk factors of HNSCC in children and young adults. This review outlines the etiologic spectrum of HNSCC, especially oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, in patients under 45 years of age.

Keywords: HPV; chronic inflammation; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; immunity; young patient.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

There is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Risk factors of HNSCC in young patients
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74–108. - PubMed
    1. van Monsjou HS, Balm AJ, van den Brekel MM, Wreesmann VB. Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a unique disease on the rise? Oral Oncol. 2010;46:780–785. - PubMed
    1. Sasaki T, Moles DR, Imai Y, Speight PM. Clinico-pathological features of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in patients <40 years of age. J Oral Path Med. 2005;34:129–133. - PubMed
    1. Chitapanarux I, Lorvidhaya V, Sittitrai P, Pattarasakulchai T, Tharavichitkul E, Sriuthaisiriwong P, Kamnerdsupaphon P, Sukthomya V. Oral cavity cancers at a young age: analysis of patient, tumor and treatment characteristics in Chiang Mai University Hospital. Oral Oncol. 2006;42:83–88. - PubMed
    1. van Monsjou HS, Wreesmann VB, van den Brekel MW, Balm AJ. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in young patients. Oral Oncol. 2013;49:1097–1102. - PubMed

MeSH terms