Iodine in food- and dietary supplement-composition databases

Abstract

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) of the USDA Agricultural Research Service have worked independently on determining the iodine content of foods and dietary supplements and are now harmonizing their efforts. The objective of the current article is to describe the harmonization plan and the results of initial iodine analyses accomplished under that plan. For many years, the FDA's Total Diet Study (TDS) has measured iodine concentrations in selected foods collected in 4 regions of the country each year. For more than a decade, the NDL has collected and analyzed foods as part of the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program; iodine analysis is now being added to the program. The NDL recently qualified a commercial laboratory to conduct iodine analysis of foods by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. Co-analysis of a set of samples by the commercial laboratory using the ICP-MS method and by the FDA laboratory using its standard colorimetric method yielded comparable results. The FDA recently reviewed historical TDS data for trends in the iodine content of selected foods, and the NDL analyzed samples of a limited subset of those foods for iodine. The FDA and the NDL are working to combine their data on iodine in foods and to produce an online database that can be used for estimating iodine intake from foods in the US population. In addition, the NDL continues to analyze dietary supplements for iodine and, in collaboration with the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, to publish the data online in the Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database. The goal is to provide, through these 2 harmonized databases and the continuing TDS focus on iodine, improved tools for estimating iodine intake in population studies.

Keywords: DSID; FDA; NHANES; Total Diet Study; USDA.

FIGURE 1

Iodine concentrations in cakes: US Food and Drug Administration’s Total Diet Study, third quarter 2003–fourth quarter 2011. Each data point represents the iodine concentration in a single quarterly sample; each quarterly sample is a composite of subsamples from 3 cities (26).

FIGURE 2

Iodine concentrations in breads: US Food and Drug Administration’s Total Diet Study, third quarter 2003–fourth quarter 2011. Each data point represents the iodine concentration in a single quarterly sample; each quarterly sample is a composite of subsamples from 3 cities (26).

FIGURE 3

Iodine concentrations in milks: US Food and Drug Administration’s Total Diet Study, third quarter 2003–fourth quarter 2011. Each data point represents the iodine concentration in a single quarterly sample; each quarterly sample is a composite of subsamples from 3 cities (26).

FIGURE 4

Iodine concentrations in seafood products: US Food and Drug Administration’s Total Diet Study, third quarter 2003–fourth quarter 2011. Each data point represents the iodine concentration in a single quarterly sample; each quarterly sample is a composite of subsamples from 3 cities (26).

FIGURE 5

Comparison of iodine analysis by ICP-MS (29) and a colorimetric method (24) in 10 foods. A single sample of each food (n = 1) was analyzed by both methods. The ICP-MS analysis was conducted by a commercial laboratory prequalified by the USDA’s Nutrient Data Laboratory. The colorimetric analysis was conducted by the FDA. Foods are displayed in order of their iodine content as measured by the ICP-MS method. FDA, Food and Drug Administration; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.