Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Aug 20;2016(8):CD010744.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010744.pub2.

Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Eva A M van Eerd  1 , Regina M van der Meer, Onno C P van Schayck, Daniel Kotz
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Eva A M van Eerd et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Smoking cessation is the most important treatment for smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but little is known about the effectiveness of different smoking cessation interventions for this particular group of smokers.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of behavioural or pharmacological smoking cessation interventions, or both, in smokers with COPD.

Search methods: We searched all records in the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of Trials. In addition to this electronic search, we searched clinical trial registries for planned, ongoing, and unpublished trials. We searched all databases from their inception. We checked the reference lists of all included studies and of other systematic reviews in relevant topic areas. We searched for errata or retractions from eligible trials on PubMed. We conducted our most recent search in March 2016.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of any behavioural or pharmacological treatment, or both, in smokers with COPD reporting at least six months of follow-up abstinence rates.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted the data and performed the methodological quality assessment for each study. We resolved any disagreements by consensus.

Main results: We included 16 studies (involving 13,123 participants) in this systematic review, two of which were of high quality. These two studies showed that nicotine sublingual tablet and varenicline increased the quit rate over placebo (risk ratio (RR) 2.60 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29 to 5.24) and RR 3.34 (95% CI 1.88 to 5.92)). Pooled results of two studies also showed a positive effect of bupropion compared with placebo (RR 2.03 (95% CI 1.26 to 3.28)). When pooling these four studies, we found high-quality evidence for the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy plus high-intensity behavioural treatment compared with placebo plus high-intensity behavioural treatment (RR 2.53 (95% CI 1.83 to 3.50)). Furthermore, we found some evidence that high-intensity behavioural treatment increased abstinence rates when compared with usual care (RR 25.38 (95% CI 8.03 to 80.22)) or low-intensity behavioural treatment (RR 2.18 (95% CI 1.05 to 4.49)). Finally, the results showed effectiveness of various combinations of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions.

Authors' conclusions: We found high-quality evidence in a meta-analysis including four (1,540 participants) of the 16 included studies that a combination of behavioural treatment and pharmacotherapy is effective in helping smokers with COPD to quit smoking. Furthermore, we conclude that there is no convincing evidence for preferring any particular form of behavioural or pharmacological treatment.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

EVE and RVDM: None known.

CVS received unrestricted grants for nicotine addiction studies in both primary care and public health. CVS is author on two study reports included in this review (Kotz 2009; Wagena 2005). CVS's institution received money for consultancy from Asthma Foundation, Achmea (health insurance), Pfizer, and Boehringer Ingelheim.

DK received an unrestricted grant from Pfizer for an investigator‐initiated trial on the effectiveness of practice nurse counselling and varenicline for smoking cessation in primary care (Dutch Trial Register NTR3067). DK is author on one study report included in this review (Kotz 2009).

Figures

1
1
PRISMA study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Behavioural treatment versus no treatment or usual care, Outcome 1 Prolonged abstinence at longest follow‐up by intensity of treatment.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Behavioural treatment versus no treatment or usual care, Outcome 2 Point prevalence abstinence at longest follow‐up by intensity of treatment.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 One form of behavioural treatment versus a different form of behavioural treatment, Outcome 1 Prolonged abstinence at longest follow‐up by intensity of treatment.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 One form of behavioural treatment versus a different form of behavioural treatment, Outcome 2 Point prevalence abstinence at longest follow‐up by intensity of treatment.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Pharmacological treatment versus placebo, Outcome 1 Prolonged abstinence at longest follow‐up by severity of COPD.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Pharmacological treatment versus placebo, Outcome 2 Prolonged abstinence at longest follow‐up by pharmacotherapy.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Pharmacological treatment versus placebo, Outcome 3 Prolonged abstinence at longest follow‐up by length of follow‐up.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Pharmacological treatment versus placebo, Outcome 4 Point prevalence abstinence at longest follow‐up by severity of COPD.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Pharmacological treatment versus placebo, Outcome 5 Point prevalence abstinence at longest follow‐up by pharmacotherapy.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Pharmacological treatment versus placebo, Outcome 6 Point prevalence abstinence at longest follow‐up by length of follow‐up.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Pharmacological treatment versus a different pharmacological treatment, Outcome 1 Prolonged abstinence at longest follow‐up.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Pharmacological treatment versus a different pharmacological treatment, Outcome 2 Point prevalence abstinence at longest follow‐up.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Comparison of different combinations of behavioural and pharmacological treatments, Outcome 1 Prolonged abstinence at longest follow‐up.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Comparison of different combinations of behavioural and pharmacological treatments, Outcome 2 Point prevalence abstinence at longest follow‐up.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010744

References

References to studies included in this review

Anthonisen 1994 {published data only}
    1. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, Altose MD, Bailey WC, Buist AS, et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994;272(19):1497‐505. [PUBMED: 7966841] - PubMed
    1. Buist AS. The US Lung Health Study. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) 1997;2(4):303‐7. [PUBMED: 9525302] - PubMed
    1. Connett JE, Bjornson‐Benson WM, Daniels K. Recruitment of participants in the Lung Health Study, II: Assessment of recruiting strategies. Controlled Clinical Trials 1993;14(2 Suppl):38S‐51S. [PUBMED: 8500312] - PubMed
    1. O'Hara P, Grill J, Rigdon MA, Connett JE, Lauger GA, Johnston JJ. Design and results of the initial intervention program for the Lung Health Study. The Lung Health Study Research Group. Preventive Medicine 1993;22(3):304‐15. [PUBMED: 8327414] - PubMed
    1. Scanlon PD, Connett JE, Waller LA, Altose MD, Bailey WC, Buist AS, et al for the Lung Health Study Research Group. Smoking cessation and lung function in mild‐to‐moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000;161:381–90. - PubMed
Brandt 1997 {published data only}
    1. Brandt CJ, Ellegaard H, Joensen M, Kallan FV, Sorknaes AD, Tougaard L. Effect of diagnosis of "smoker's lung". RYLUNG Group. The Lancet (London, England) 1997;349(9047):253. [PUBMED: 9014918] - PubMed
    1. Kallan FV, Brandt CJ, Ellegaard H, Joensen MB, Sorknaes AD, Tougaard L. The diagnosis of "smoker's lung" encourages smoking cessation [Diagnosen "rygerlunger" fremmer rygeophor. RYLUNG‐gruppen]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1997;159(44):6528‐30. [PUBMED: 9411973] - PubMed
Chen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chen J, Chen Y, Chen P, Liu Z, Luo H, Cai S. Effectiveness of individual counseling for smoking cessation in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asymptomatic smokers. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2014;7(3):716‐20. [PUBMED: 24520273] - PMC - PubMed
Christenhusz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Christenhusz L, Pieterse M, Seydel E, Palen J. Prospective determinants of smoking cessation in COPD patients within a high intensity or a brief counseling intervention. Patient Education and Counseling 2007;66(2):162‐6. [PUBMED: 17196359] - PubMed
    1. Christenhusz LC, Prenger R, Pieterse ME, Seydel ER, Palen J. Cost‐effectiveness of an intensive smoking cessation intervention for COPD outpatients. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2012;14(6):657‐63. [PUBMED: 22180589] - PubMed
Crowley 1995 {published data only}
    1. Crowley TJ, Macdonald MJ, Walter MI. Behavioral anti‐smoking trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Psychopharmacology 1995;119(2):193‐204. [PUBMED: 7659767] - PubMed
Gorecka 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gorecka D, Bednarek M, Nowinski A, Puscinska E, Goljan‐Geremek A, Zielinski J. Effect of treatment for nicotine dependence in patients with COPD [Wyniki leczenia uzaleznienia od nikotyny chorych na przewlekla obturacyjna chorobe pluc]. Pneumonologia I Alergologia Polska 2003;71(9‐10):411‐7. [PUBMED: 15052977] - PubMed
Hilberink 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hilberink SR, Jacobs JE, Bottema BJ, Vries H, Grol RP. Smoking cessation in patients with COPD in daily general practice (SMOCC): six months' results. Preventive Medicine 2005;41(5‐6):822‐7. [PUBMED: 16203030] - PubMed
    1. Hilberink SR, Jacobs JE, Breteler MH, Vries H, Grol RP. General practice counseling for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to quit smoking: impact after 1 year of two complex interventions. Patient Education and Counseling 2011;83(1):120‐4. [PUBMED: 20430565] - PubMed
Kotz 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kotz D, Huibers MJ, West RJ, Wesseling G, Schayck OC. What mediates the effect of confrontational counselling on smoking cessation in smokers with COPD?. Patient Education and Counseling 2009;76(1):16‐24. [PUBMED: 19150590] - PubMed
    1. Kotz D, Vos R, Huibers MJ. Ethical analysis of the justifiability of labelling with COPD for smoking cessation. Journal of Medical Ethics 2009;35(9):534‐40. [PUBMED: 19717691] - PubMed
    1. Kotz D, Wesseling G, Huibers MJ, Schayck OC. Efficacy of confrontational counselling for smoking cessation in smokers with previously undiagnosed mild to moderate airflow limitation: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2007;7:332. [PUBMED: 18005415] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kotz D, Wesseling G, Huibers MJ, Schayck OC. Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation. European Respiratory Journal 2009;33(4):754‐62. [PUBMED: 19129277] - PubMed
Lou 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lou P, Zhu Y, Chen P, Zhang P, Yu J, Zhang N, et al. Supporting smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with behavioral intervention: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Family Practice 2013;14:91. [PUBMED: 23802809] - PMC - PubMed
Pederson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Pederson LL, Wanklin JM, Lefcoe NM. The effects of counseling on smoking cessation among patients hospitalized with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial. The International Journal of the Addictions 1991;26(1):107‐19. [PUBMED: 2066170] - PubMed
Sundblad 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sundblad BM, Larsson K, Nathell L. High rate of smoking abstinence in COPD patients: Smoking cessation by hospitalization. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2008;10(5):883‐90. [PUBMED: 18569763] - PubMed
Tashkin 2001 {published data only}
    1. Tashkin D, Kanner R, Bailey W, Buist S, Anderson P, Nides M, et al. Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomised trial. The Lancet (London, England) 2001;357(9268):1571‐5. [PUBMED: 11377644] - PubMed
Tashkin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lock K, Wilson K, Murphy D, Riesco JA. A cost‐effectiveness model of smoking cessation based on a randomised controlled trial of varenicline versus placebo in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2011;12(17):2613‐26. [PUBMED: 22017336] - PubMed
    1. Tashkin DP, Rennard S, Hays JT, Ma W, Lawrence D, Lee TC. Effects of varenicline on smoking cessation in patients with mild to moderate COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2011;139(3):591‐9. [PUBMED: 20864613] - PubMed
    1. Tashkin DP, Rennard S, Taylor Hays J, Lawrence D, Marton JP, Lee TC. Lung function and respiratory symptoms in a 1‐year randomized smoking cessation trial of varenicline in COPD patients. Respiratory Medicine 2011;105(11):1682‐90. [PUBMED: 21621992] - PubMed
Tonnesen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Tonnesen P, Mikkelsen K, Bremann L. Nurse‐conducted smoking cessation in patients with COPD using nicotine sublingual tablets and behavioral support. Chest 2006;130(2):334‐42. [PUBMED: 16899830] - PubMed
Wagena 2005 {published data only}
    1. Schayck CP, Kaper J, Wagena EJ, Wouters EF, Severens JL. The cost‐effectiveness of antidepressants for smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Addiction 2009;104(12):2110‐7. [PUBMED: 19922576] - PubMed
    1. Wagena EJ, Knipschild PG, Huibers MJ, Wouters EF, Schayck CP. Efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline for smoking cessation among people at risk for or with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165(19):2286‐92. [PUBMED: 16246996] - PubMed
Wilson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wilson JS, Elborn JS, Fitzsimons D. 'It's not worth stopping now': why do smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease continue to smoke? A qualitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2011;20(5‐6):819‐27. [PUBMED: 20738455] - PubMed
    1. Wilson JS, Elborn JS, Fitzsimons D, McCrum‐Gardner E. Do smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease report their smoking status reliably? A comparison of self‐report and bio‐chemical validation. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(7):856‐62. [PUBMED: 21288520] - PubMed
    1. Wilson JS, Fitzsimons D, Bradbury I, Stuart Elborn J. Does additional support by nurses enhance the effect of a brief smoking cessation intervention in people with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2008;45(4):508‐17. [PUBMED: 17184783] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Andreeva 2007 {published data only}
    1. Andreeva S, Grechenko V, Antonova T, Sakharova G, Antonov N, Chuchalin A. Airway hyperresponsiveness and its correction during the smoking cessation program. European Respiratory Society 17th Annual Congress; 2007 Sep 16‐18; Stockholm. 2007.
Bastian 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bastian LA, Fish LJ, Gierisch JM, Stechuchak KM, Grambow SC, Keefe FJ. Impact of smoking cessation on subsequent pain intensity among chronically ill veterans enrolled in a smoking cessation trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2015;50(6):822‐9. [PUBMED: 26210348] - PubMed
Bendstrup 1997 {published data only}
    1. Bendstrup KE, Ingemann Jensen J, Holm S, Bengtsson B. Out‐patient rehabilitation improves activities of daily living, quality of life and exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal 1997;10(12):2801‐6. [PUBMED: 9493664] - PubMed
Berlin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Berlin I, Jacob N, Coudert M, Perriot J, Schultz L, Rodon N. Adjustment of nicotine replacement therapies according to saliva cotinine concentration: the ADONIS* trial ‐ a randomized study in smokers with medical comorbidities. Addiction 2011;106(4):833‐43. [PUBMED: 21205047] - PubMed
Borglykke 2008 {published data only}
    1. Borglykke A, Pisinger C, Jorgensen T, Ibsen H. The effectiveness of smoking cessation groups offered to hospitalised patients with symptoms of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008;2(3):158‐65. [PUBMED: 20298324] - PubMed
Bunker 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bunker JM, Reddel HK, Dennis SM, Middleton S, Schayck C, Crockett AJ, et al. A pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial of early intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by practice nurse‐general practitioner teams: study protocol. Implementation Science 2012;7:83. [PUBMED: 22958678] - PMC - PubMed
Cai 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cai S, Chen P, Chen Y, Liu ZJ. Effect of health education on the lung function and life quality in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban (Journal of Central South University. Medical Sciences) 2006;31(2):189‐93. [PUBMED: 16706112] - PubMed
Carone 2002 {published data only}
    1. Carone M, Bertolotti G, Cerveri I, Benedetto F, Fogliani V, Nardini S, et al. EDU‐CARE, a randomised, multicentre, parallel group study on education and quality of life in COPD. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 2002;57(1):25‐9. [PUBMED: 12174697] - PubMed
Cheng 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cheng X, Xu X, Zhang Z. Results of community intervention trial for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and chronic cor‐pulmonale from 1992 to 1999. Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases 2001;24:579‐83. - PubMed
Damcevska 2007 {published data only}
    1. Damcevska J, Babalj E, Stojanovski Z, Minov J. Different methods of education and success in smoking cessation. European Respiratory Society 17th Annual Congress; 2007 Sep 16‐18; Stockholm. 2007.
Dheda 2004 {published data only}
    1. Dheda K, Crawford A, Hagan G, Roberts CM. Implementation of British Thoracic Society guidelines for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact on quality of life. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2004;80(941):169‐71. [PUBMED: 15016940] - PMC - PubMed
Efraimsson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Efraimsson EO, Hillervik C, Ehrenberg A. Effects of COPD self‐care management education at a nurse‐led primary health care clinic. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 2008;22(2):178‐85. [PUBMED: 18489687] - PubMed
Evans 1974 {published data only}
    1. Evans JA, Morrison IM, Saunders KB. A controlled trial of prednisone, in low dosage, in patients with chronic airways obstruction. Thorax 1974;29(4):401‐6. [PUBMED: 4603999] - PMC - PubMed
Fish 2012 {published data only}
    1. Fish LJ, Gierisch JM, Stechuchak KM, Grambow SC, Rohrer LD, Bastian LA. Correlates of expected positive and negative support for smoking cessation among a sample of chronically ill veterans. Addictive Behaviors 2012;37(1):135‐8. [PUBMED: 21978930] - PubMed
Florou 2011 {published data only}
    1. Florou A, Eleftheriou K, Patentalakis G, Sachlas A, Michailidis D, Gratziou C. Smoking cessation effectiveness in smokers with obstructive respiratory disease. European Respiratory Society 21stAnnual Congress; 2011 Sep 24‐28; Amsterdam. 2011.
Folz 2015 {published data only}
    1. Folz H, Murphy B, Byrd J, Day M. Assessing the impact of pharmacist interventions versus standard care in the outpatient management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Pharmacists Association Conference; 2015 March 27‐30; San Diego. 2015.
George 2006 {published data only}
    1. George J, Kong DCM, Santamaria NM, Ioannides‐Demos LL, Stewart K. Smoking cessation: COPD patients' perspective. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 2006;36(2):107‐10.
Gunthner 1970 {published data only}
    1. Gunthner W. Long‐term therapy of the chronic bronchitis syndrome using Tanderil [Langzeitbehandlung des chronischen bronchitischen syndroms mit Tanderil]. Munchener medizinische wochenschrift 1970;112(49):2244‐6. - PubMed
Harter 2015 {published data only}
    1. Harter M, Bartsch AL, Egger N, Konig HH, Kriston L, Schulz H, et al. Evaluating a collaborative smoking cessation intervention in primary care (ENTER): study protocol for a cluster‐randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:447. [PUBMED: 26452466] - PMC - PubMed
Heslop 2013 {published data only}
    1. Heslop K, Newton J, Baker C, Burns G, Carrick‐Sen D, Soyza A. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions for anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) undertaken by respiratory nurses: the COPD CBT CARE study: (ISRCTN55206395). BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2013;13:62. [PUBMED: 24498939] - PMC - PubMed
Hesselink 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hesselink AE, Penninx BW, Windt DA, Duin BJ, Vries P, Twisk JW, et al. Effectiveness of an education programme by a general practice assistant for asthma and COPD patients: results from a randomised controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling 2004;55(1):121‐8. [PUBMED: 15476999] - PubMed
Hoogendoorn 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hoogendoorn M, Wetering CR, Schols AM, Rutten‐van Molken MP. Is INTERdisciplinary COMmunity‐based COPD management (INTERCOM) cost‐effective?. European Respiratory Journal 2010;35(1):79‐87. [PUBMED: 19574331] - PubMed
Irizar‐Aramburu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Irizar‐Aramburu MI, Martinez‐Eizaguirre JM, Pacheco‐Bravo P, Diaz‐Atienza M, Aguirre‐Arratibel I, Pena‐Pena MI, et al. Effectiveness of spirometry as a motivational tool for smoking cessation: a clinical trial, the ESPIMOAT study. BMC Family Practice 2013;14:185. [PUBMED: 24308728] - PMC - PubMed
James 2012 {published data only}
    1. James S, Patry R. Pulmonary rehabilitation provided by a pharmacist and its impact on patient care. American Pharmacists Association Conference; 2012 March 9‐12; New Orleans. 2012.
Jennings 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jennings JH, Thavarajah K, Mendez MP, Eichenhorn M, Kvale P, Yessayan L. Predischarge bundle for patients with acute exacerbations of COPD to reduce readmissions and ED visits: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2015;147(5):1227‐34. [PUBMED: 25940250] - PubMed
Jimenez 2007 {published data only}
    1. Jimenez G, Lopez J, Martinez M, Romero A, Gil B, Dios Luna J, et al. Effectiveness of a specialised intervention for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. European Respiratory Society 17th Annual Congress; 2007 Sep 16‐18; Stockholm. 2007.
Jonsdottir 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jonsdottir H, Amundadottir OR, Gudmundsson G, Halldorsdottir BS, Hrafnkelsson B, Ingadottir TS, et al. Effectiveness of a partnership‐based self‐management programme for patients with mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2015;71(11):2634‐49. [PUBMED: 26193907] - PubMed
Kato 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kato S, Oda K, Hasumi H. Clinical significance of the combination therapy of smoking cessation and seihaito for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Kampo to Saishin‐chiryo 2005;14:260‐5.
Kiser 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kiser K, Jonas D, Warner Z, Scanlon K, Shilliday BB, DeWalt DA. A randomized controlled trial of a literacy‐sensitive self‐management intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2012;27(2):190‐5. [PUBMED: 21935752] - PMC - PubMed
Kruis 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kruis AL, Boland MRS, Assendelft WJJ, Gussekloo J, Tsiachristas A, Stijnen T, et al. Effectiveness of integrated disease management for primary care chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: results of cluster randomised trial. BMJ 2014;349:g5392. - PMC - PubMed
Lewis 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lewis SF, Piasecki TM, Fiore MC, Anderson JE, Baker TB. Transdermal nicotine replacement for hospitalized patients: a randomized clinical trial. Preventive Medicine 1998;27(2):296‐303. [PUBMED: 9579010] - PubMed
Lofdahl 1998 {published data only}
    1. Löfdahl CG. The Lung Health Study (LHS): importance of the interruption of smoking [La Lung Health Study (LHS): importance de l'interruption du tabagisme]. Revue française des maladies 1998;15:S42‐4.
Lou 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lou P, Chen P, Zhang P, Yu J, Wang Y, Chen N, et al. A COPD health management program in a community‐based primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial. Respiratory Care 2015;60(1):102‐12. [PUBMED: 25371402] - PubMed
Meyer 2015 {published data only}
    1. Meyer AC, Streck JM, Ochalek TA, Hruska B, Teneback CC, Dixon AE, et al. Financial incentives promote smoking abstinence among patients with pulmonary disease. Annual Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence; 2015 June 13‐18; Phoenix. 2015.
Møller 2004 {published data only}
    1. Møller AM. Smoking cessation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [Rygestop og kronisk obstruktiv lungesygdom]. Ungeskrift for læger 2004;166(42):3695‐7. - PubMed
Nohlert 2009 {published data only}
    1. Nohlert E, Tegelberg A, Tillgren P, Johansson P, Rosenblad A, Helgason AR. Comparison of a high and a low intensity smoking cessation intervention in a dentistry setting in Sweden: a randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2009;9:121. [PUBMED: 19405969] - PMC - PubMed
Ozol 2008 {published data only}
    1. Özol D, Kocak OM, Özel H. Effectiveness of out‐patient based smoking cessation. Turkish Respiratory Journal 2008;9(1):10‐4.
Parker 2013 {published data only}
    1. Parker DR, Eaton CB, Ahern DK, Roberts MB, Rafferty C, Goldman RE, et al. The study design and rationale of the randomized controlled trial: translating COPD guidelines into primary care practice. BMC Family Practice 2013;14:56. [PUBMED: 23641803] - PMC - PubMed
Parkes 2008 {published data only}
    1. Parkes G, Greenhalgh T, Griffin M, Dent R. Effect on smoking quit rate of telling patients their lung age: the Step2quit randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;336(7644):598‐600. [PUBMED: 18326503] - PMC - PubMed
Pauwels 1992 {published data only}
    1. Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Pride NB, Postma DS, Laitinen LA, Ohlsson SV. European Respiratory Society study on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (EUROSCOP): hypothesis and design. European Respiratory Journal 1992;5(10):1254‐61. [PUBMED: 1486974] - PubMed
Rose 1992 {published data only}
    1. Rose G, Colwell L. Randomised controlled trial of anti‐smoking advice: final (20 year) results. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1992;46(1):75‐7. [PUBMED: 1573365] - PMC - PubMed
Sachs 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sachs DPL, Hodgkin JE, Bostrom AG. COPD & increasing nicotine−dependence severity (1989−2006): need to change the paradigm for tobacco−dependence treatment in COPD. American Thoracic Society International Conference; 2009 May 15‐20 San Diego. 2009.
Sajol 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sajol G, Glass M, Burnham CN, Castro M. Smoking cessation in patients with established airway disease: Initial characterization of cellular and biomarker sputum. American Thoracic Society International Conference; 2015 May 15‐20; Denver. 2015.
Sakharova 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sakharova GM, Antonov NS. The combination of NRT + COPD therapy is more effective for smoking cessation. Abstract. 2006.
Shaban 2005 {published data only}
    1. Shaban M, Nejati S, Mehran A, Saidi J. The effects of counseling on smoking cessation in patients suffering from COPD. Hayat 2005;11:73‐81.
Shaker 2011 {published data only}
    1. Shaker SB, Stavngaard T, Laursen LC, Stoel BC, Dirksen A. Rapid fall in lung density following smoking cessation in COPD. COPD 2011;8(1):2‐7. [PUBMED: 21299472] - PubMed
Signes‐Costa 2004 {published data only}
    1. Signes‐Costa J, Llombart M, Chiner E, Romero C, Arriero JM, Gomez‐Merino E, et al. Efficacy of different smoking cessation treatments in COPD patients. American Thoracic Society 100th International conference; 2004 May 21‐26; Orlando. 2004.
Smith 2013 {published data only}
    1. Smith BJ, Carson KV, Brinn MP, Labiszewski NA, Peters MJ, Fitridge R, et al. Smoking termination opportunity for inpatients (STOP): superiority of a course of varenicline tartrate plus counselling over counselling alone for smoking cessation: a 12‐month randomised controlled trial for inpatients. Thorax 2013;68(5):485‐6. [PUBMED: 22993168] - PubMed
Steurer‐Stey 2014 {published data only}
    1. Steurer‐Stey C, Markun S, Lana KD, Frei A, Held U, Wensing M, et al. The improving care in chronic obstructive lung disease study: CAROL improving processes of care and quality of life of COPD patients in primary care: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014;15:96. [PUBMED: 24670200] - PMC - PubMed
Stratelis 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stratelis G, Molstad S, Jakobsson P, Zetterstrom O. The impact of repeated spirometry and smoking cessation advice on smokers with mild COPD. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2006;24(3):133‐9. [PUBMED: 16923621] - PubMed
Suhaj 2016 {published data only}
    1. Suhaj A, Manu MK, Unnikrishnan MK, Vijayanarayana K, Mallikarjuna Rao C. Effectiveness of clinical pharmacist intervention on health‐related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder patients ‐ a randomized controlled study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 2016;41(1):78‐83. [PUBMED: 26775599] - PubMed
Tonnesen 1988 {published data only}
    1. Tonnesen P, Fryd V, Hansen M, Helsted J, Gunnersen AB, Forchammer H, et al. Two and four mg nicotine chewing gum and group counselling in smoking cessation: an open, randomized, controlled trial with a 22 month follow‐up. Addictive Behaviors 1988;13(1):17‐27. [PUBMED: 3284283] - PubMed
Voncken‐Brewster 2013 {published data only}
    1. Voncken‐Brewster V, Tange H, Vries H, Nagykaldi Z, Winkens B, Weijden T. A randomised controlled trial testing a web‐based, computer‐tailored self‐management intervention for people with or at risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a study protocol. BMC Public Health 2013;13:557. [PUBMED: 23742208] - PMC - PubMed
Voncken‐Brewster 2015 {published data only}
    1. Voncken‐Brewster V, Tange H, Vries H, Nagykaldi Z, Winkens B, Weijden T. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a web‐based, computer‐tailored self‐management intervention for people with or at risk for COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2015;10:1061‐73. [PUBMED: 26089656] - PMC - PubMed
Walters 2012 {published data only}
    1. Walters JA, Cameron‐Tucker H, Courtney‐Pratt H, Nelson M, Robinson A, Scott J, et al. Supporting health behaviour change in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with telephone health‐mentoring: insights from a qualitative study. BMC Family Practice 2012;13:55. [PUBMED: 22694996] - PMC - PubMed
Weling‐Scheepers 2005 {published data only}
    1. Weling‐Scheepers CA, Creutzberg EC, Heber EJ, Wouters EF. Smoking cessation: a 'heavy' decision during pulmonary rehabilitation. European Respiratory Society 15th Annual Congress; 2005 Sep 17‐20; Copenhagen. 2005.
Yuan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yuan X, Tao Y, Zhao JP, Liu XS, Xiong WN, Xie JG, et al. Long‐term efficacy of a rural community‐based integrated intervention for prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cluster randomized controlled trial in China's rural areas. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research (Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas/Sociedade Brasileira de Biofisica) 2015;48(11):1023‐31. [PUBMED: 26352697] - PMC - PubMed
Zhou 2010 {published data only}
    1. Zhou Y, Hu G, Wang D, Wang S, Wang Y, Liu Z, et al. Community based integrated intervention for prevention and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Guangdong, China: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;341:c6387. [PUBMED: 21123342] - PMC - PubMed
Zhou 2011 {published data only}
    1. Zhou W, Wei X, Ke H. Psychiatric adverse reactions in a prospective, randomized clinical trial of varenicline for smoking cessation in patients with COPD. 16th Congress of the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology; 2011 Nov 3‐6; Shanghai. 2011.
Zwar 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zwar NA, Hermiz O, Comino E, Middleton S, Vagholkar S, Xuan W, et al. Care of patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia 2012;197(7):394‐8. [PUBMED: 23025736] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Efraimsson 2008b {published data only}
    1. Efraimsson EO, Hillervik C, Ehrenberg A. Effects of COPD self‐care management education at a nurse‐led primary health care clinic. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 2008;22(2):178‐85. - PubMed
Hagens 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hagens P, Pieterse M, Valk P, Palen J. Effectiveness of intensive smoking reduction counselling plus combination nicotine replacement therapy in promoting long‐term abstinence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease not ready to quit smoking: protocol of the REDUQ trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2017;8:248‐57. - PMC - PubMed
Hanhan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hanhan H, Wei W, Litiao C. Study on effect of 5A intervention method combined with varenicline for smoking cessation of COPD patients in stable stage. Chinese Nursing Research 2015;29(2):667‐70.
Harter 2015b {published data only}
    1. Harter M, Bartsch AL, Egger N, Konig HH, Kriston L, Schulz H, et al. Evaluating a collaborative smoking cessation intervention in primary care (ENTER): study protocol for a cluster‐randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16(1):447. - PMC - PubMed
Irizar‐Aramburu 2013b {published data only}
    1. Irizar‐Aramburu MI, Martinez‐Eizaguirre JM, Pacheco‐Bravo P, Diaz‐Atienza M, Aguirre‐Arratibel I, Pena‐Pena MI, et al. Effectiveness of spirometry as a motivational tool for smoking cessation: a clinical trial, the ESPIMOAT study. BMC Family Practice 2013;14(1):185. - PMC - PubMed
Liang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Liang J, Abramson MJ, Zwar N, Russell G, Holland AE, Bonevski B, et al. Interdisciplinary model of care (RADICALS) for early detection and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Australian primary care: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017;7(9):e016985. - PMC - PubMed
Liang 2018 {published data only}
    1. Liang J, Abramson M, Zwar N, Russell G, Holland A, Bonevski B, et al. Pharmacist‐led smoking cessation intervention in Australian primary care targeting smokers at risk of developing COPD. Respirology 2018;23:40.
Loth 2017 {published data only}
    1. Loth FG, Bickhardt J, Heindl T, Muhlig S. Model project for tobacco cessation for patients with COPD in Saxony and Thuringia: methodology and initial results. Atemwegs‐ und lungenkrankheiten 2017;43(6):276‐87.
Melzer 2017 {published data only}
    1. Melzer AC, Clothier BA, Japuntich SJ, Noorbaloochi S, Hammett P, Burgess DL, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Proactive Tobacco Treatment among Smokers with and without Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease. Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2017;15(3):341‐7. - PubMed
Streck 2018 {published data only}
    1. Streck JM, Ochalek TA, Miller ME, Meyer AC, Badger G, Teneback C, et al. Promoting smoking abstinence among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: initial feasibility. Preventive Medicine Reports 2018;11:176‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Tromeur 2018 {published data only}
    1. Tromeur C, Le MR, Couturand F. Effect of varenicline on smoking cessation in COPD patients recovering from exacerbation: a randomized trial. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology. Conference: Annual Meeting of French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and INSERM Clinical Research Centers, CIC Meeting 2018. France 2018;32 (Supplement 1):32.
van Eerd 2017 {published data only}
    1. Eerd EAM, Schayck OCP, Wesseling G, Kotz D. Predictors of long‐term smoking cessation in patients with COPD: results from a randomised controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal 2017;49(6):1700561. - PubMed
Yang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yang DX, Gu CJ, Ni L, Li N, Li QY, Zhou JP. Assessment of efficacy of medication combined with WeChat platform for quitting smoking in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Medical Science) 2016;36(3):385‐9.

References to ongoing studies

NCT01694732 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01694732. Efficacy of varenicline on smoking cessation at the acute phase of an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (SAVE). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01694732 (Accessed 22 July 2016).
NCT02148445 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02148445. Smoking Cessation Versus Long‐term Nicotine Replacement Among High‐risk Smokers. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02148445 (Accessed 22 July 2016).

Additional references

Anthonisen 2002
    1. Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Murray RP. Smoking and lung function of lung health study participants after 11 years. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002;166(5):675‐9. - PubMed
Borrelli 2010
    1. Borrelli B, Hayes RB, Dunsiger S, Fava JL. Risk perception and smoking behavior in medically ill smokers: a prospective study. Addiction 2010;105(6):1100‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Buist 2007
    1. Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, Gillespie S, Burney P, Mannino DM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD study): a population‐based prevalence study. The Lancet 2007; Vol. 370, issue 9589:741‐50. - PubMed
Cahill 2013
    1. Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta‐analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009329.pub2; PUBMED: 23728690] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Celli 2004
    1. Celli BR, MacNee W. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. European Respiratory Journal 2004;23(6):932‐46. - PubMed
Coronini‐Cronberg 2011
    1. Coronini‐Cronberg S, Heffernan C, Robinson M. Effective smoking cessation interventions for COPD patients: a review of the evidence. JRSM short reports 2011;2(10):78. [PUBMED: 22046497] - PMC - PubMed
Fiore 2008
    1. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. Clinical practice guideline. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63952/ (accessed 17 November 2015).
Geijer 2005
    1. Geijer RM, Sachs AP, Hoes AW, Salome PL, Lammers JW, Verheij TJ. Prevalence of undetected persistent airflow obstruction in male smokers 40‐65 years old. Family Practice 2005;22(5):485‐9. - PubMed
GOLD 2015
    1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). From the Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2015. www.goldcopd.org/guidelines‐global‐strategy‐for‐diagnosis‐management.html (accessed 17 November 2015).
GRADEpro GDT [Computer program]
    1. GRADE Working Group, McMaster University. GRADEpro GDT. Version accessed 30 June 2016. Hamilton (ON): GRADE Working Group, McMaster University, 2014.
Guyatt 2008
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck‐Ytter Y, Alonso‐Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336:924‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Hajek 2013
    1. Hajek P, McRobbie H, Myers K. Efficacy of cytisine in helping smokers quit: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Thorax 2013; Vol. 68, issue 11:1037‐42. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-203035] - DOI - PubMed
Hatsukami 1999
    1. Hatsukami DK, Mooney ME. Pharmacological and behavioral strategies for smoking cessation. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 1999;6:11‐38.
Heatherton 1991
    1. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom KO. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction 1991;86(9):1119‐27. [PUBMED: 1932883] - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
Hughes 2003
    1. Hughes JR, Keely JP, Niaura RS, Ossip‐Klein DJ, Richmond RL, Swan GE. Measures of abstinence in clinical trials: issues and recommendations. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2003;5(1):13‐25. - PubMed
Hughes 2012
    1. Hughes JR. Use of nicotine replacement after a smoking lapse. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2012;14(6):751‐4. - PubMed
Hughes 2014
    1. Hughes JR, Stead LF, Hartmann‐Boyce J, Cahill K, Lancaster T. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000031.pub4; PUBMED: 24402784] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jimenez‐Ruiz 2001
    1. Jimenez‐Ruiz CA, Masa F, Miravitlles M, Gabriel R, Viejo JL, Villasante C, et al. Smoking characteristics: differences in attitudes and dependence between healthy smokers and smokers with COPD. Chest 2001;119(5):1365‐70. - PubMed
Jimenez‐Ruiz 2015
    1. Jimenez‐Ruiz CA, Andreas S, Lewis KE, Tonnesen P, Schayck CP, Hajek P, et al. Statement on smoking cessation in COPD and other pulmonary diseases and in smokers with comorbidities who find it difficult to quit. European Respiratory Journal 2015;46(1):61‐79. [PUBMED: 25882805] - PubMed
Kerstjens 1997
    1. Kerstjens HA, Rijcken B, Schouten JP, Postma DS. Decline of FEV1 by age and smoking status: facts, figures, and fallacies. Thorax 1997;52(9):820‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Kohansal 2009
    1. Kohansal R, Martinez‐Camblor P, Agusti A, Buist AS, Mannino DM, Soriano JB. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction revisited: an analysis of the Framingham offspring cohort. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2009;180(1):3‐10. - PubMed
Liberati 2009
    1. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62(10):e1‐34. - PubMed
Mannino 2007
    1. Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. The Lancet 2007;370(9589):765‐73. - PubMed
NICE 2008
    1. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. NICE guidelines: Stop smoking service. NICE guidelines [PH10]. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph10/chapter/introduction (accessed 17 November 2015).
NICE 2010
    1. NICE. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management (CG101). www.nice.org.uk/CG101 (accessed 30 June 2016).
Pires‐Yfantouda 2013
    1. Pires‐Yfantouda R, Absalom G, Clemens F. Smoking cessation interventions for COPD: a review of the literature. Respiratory Care 2013;58(11):1955‐62. [PUBMED: 23431304] - PubMed
Qaseem 2011
    1. Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Weinberger SE, Hanania NA, Criner G, Molen T, et al. Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011;155(3):179‐91. - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, 2014.
Shahab 2006
    1. Shahab L, Jarvis MJ, Britton J, West R. Prevalence, diagnosis and relation to tobacco dependence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a nationally representative population sample. Thorax 2006;61(12):1043‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Stead 2015
    1. Stead LF, Koilpillai P, Lancaster T. Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009670.pub3; PUBMED: 26457723] - DOI - PubMed
Strassmann 2009
    1. Strassmann R, Bausch B, Spaar A, Kleijnen J, Braendli O, Puhan MA. Smoking cessation interventions in COPD: a network meta‐analysis of randomised trials. European Respiratory Journal 2009;34(3):634‐40. - PubMed
Tashkin 2009
    1. Tashkin DP, Murray RP. Smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Medicine 2009;103(7):963‐74. [PUBMED: 19285850] - PubMed
Thabane 2012
    1. Thabane M. Smoking cessation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence‐based analysis. Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series 2012;12(4):1‐50. [PUBMED: 23074432] - PMC - PubMed
Tobacco Use and Dependence Guideline Panel 2008
    1. Tobacco Use, Dependence Guideline Panel. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63950/ (accessed 5 December 2012).
Tonnesen 2007
    1. Tonnesen P, Carrozzi L, Fagerstrom KO, Gratziou C, Jimenez‐Ruiz C, Nardini S, et al. Smoking cessation in patients with respiratory diseases: a high priority, integral component of therapy. European Respiratory Journal 2007;29(2):390‐417. - PubMed
Tzanakis 2004
    1. Tzanakis N, Anagnostopoulou U, Filaditaki V, Christaki P, Siafakas N. Prevalence of COPD in Greece. Chest 2004;125(3):892‐900. - PubMed
van Eerd 2013
    1. Eerd EAM, Meer RM, Reda AA, Schayck CP, Kotz D. Smoking cessation in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010744] - DOI
van Eerd 2015
    1. Eerd EA, Rossem CR, Spigt MG, Wesseling G, Schayck OC, Kotz D. Do we need tailored smoking cessation interventions for smokers with COPD? A comparative study of smokers with and without COPD regarding factors associated with tobacco‐smoking. Respiration 2015 (published online); Vol. 90, issue 3:211‐9. - PubMed
Velicer 1992
    1. Velicer WF, Prochaska JO, Rossi JS, Snow MG. Assessing outcome in smoking cessation studies. Psychological Bulletin 1992;111(1):23‐41. - PubMed
Warnier 2013
    1. Warnier MJ, Riet EE, Rutten FH, Bruin ML, Sachs AP. Smoking cessation strategies in patients with COPD. European Respiratory Journal 2013;41(3):727‐34. [PUBMED: 22936706] - PubMed
West 2000
    1. West R, McNeill A, Raw M. Smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals: an update. Health Education Authority. Thorax 2000;55(12):987‐99. [PUBMED: 11083883] - PMC - PubMed
West 2005
    1. West R, Hajek P, Stead L, Stapleton J. Outcome criteria in smoking cessation trials: proposal for a common standard. Addiction 2005;100(3):299‐303. [PUBMED: 15733243] - PubMed
Willemse 2004
    1. Willemse BW, Postma DS, Timens W, Hacken NH. The impact of smoking cessation on respiratory symptoms, lung function, airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. European Respiratory Journal 2004;23(3):464‐76. - PubMed
Wilson 2011
    1. Wilson JS, Elborn JS, Fitzsimons D, McCrum‐Gardner E. Do smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease report their smoking status reliably? A comparison of self‐report and bio‐chemical validation. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(7):856‐62. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

van der Meer 2003
    1. Meer RM, Wagena EJ, Ostelo RW, Jacobs JE, Schayck CP. Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002999; PUBMED: 12804448] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types