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. 2016 Aug 22;2016(8):CD010669.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010669.pub2.

Tools developed and disseminated by guideline producers to promote the uptake of their guidelines

Gerd Flodgren  1 , Amanda M Hall, Lucy Goulding, Martin P Eccles, Jeremy M Grimshaw, Gillian C Leng, Sasha Shepperd
Affiliations

Tools developed and disseminated by guideline producers to promote the uptake of their guidelines

Gerd Flodgren et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: The uptake of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) is inconsistent, despite their potential to improve the quality of health care and patient outcomes. Some guideline producers have addressed this problem by developing tools to encourage faster adoption of new guidelines. This review focuses on the effectiveness of tools developed and disseminated by guideline producers to improve the uptake of their CPGs.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of implementation tools developed and disseminated by guideline producers, which accompany or follow the publication of a CPG, to promote uptake. A secondary objective is to determine which approaches to guideline implementation are most effective.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); NHS Economic Evaluation Database, HTA Database; MEDLINE and MEDLINE In-Process and other non-indexed citations; Embase; PsycINFO; CINAHL; Dissertations and Theses, ProQuest; Index to Theses; Science Citation Index Expanded, ISI Web of Knowledge; Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science, ISI Web of Knowledge; Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC), and NHS Evidence up to February 2016. We also searched trials registers, reference lists of included studies and relevant websites.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs, controlled before-and-after studies (CBAs) and interrupted time series (ITS) studies evaluating the effects of guideline implementation tools developed by recognised guideline producers to improve the uptake of their own guidelines. The guideline could target any clinical area.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of each included study using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' criteria. We graded our confidence in the evidence using the approach recommended by the GRADE working group. The clinical conditions targeted and the implementation tools used were too heterogenous to combine data for meta-analysis. We report the median absolute risk difference (ARD) and interquartile range (IQR) for the main outcome of adherence to guidelines.

Main results: We included four cluster-RCTs that were conducted in the Netherlands, France, the USA and Canada. These studies evaluated the effects of tools developed by national guideline producers to implement their CPGs. The implementation tools evaluated targeted healthcare professionals; none targeted healthcare organisations or patients.One study used two short educational workshops tailored to barriers. In three studies the intervention consisted of the provision of paper-based educational materials, order forms or reminders, or both. The clinical condition, type of healthcare professional, and behaviour targeted by the CPG varied across studies.Two of the four included studies reported data on healthcare professionals' adherence to guidelines. A guideline tool developed by the producers of a guideline probably leads to increased adherence to the guidelines; median ARD (IQR) was 0.135 (0.115 and 0.159 for the two studies respectively) at an average four-week follow-up (moderate certainty evidence), which indicates a median 13.5% greater adherence to guidelines in the intervention group. Providing healthcare professionals with a tool to improve implementation of a guideline may lead to little or no difference in costs to the health service.

Authors' conclusions: Implementation tools developed by recognised guideline producers probably lead to improved healthcare professionals' adherence to guidelines in the management of non-specific low back pain and ordering thyroid-function tests. There are limited data on the relative costs of implementing these interventions.There are no studies evaluating the effectiveness of interventions targeting the organisation of care (e.g. benchmarking tools, costing templates, etc.), or for mass media interventions. We could not draw any conclusions about our second objective, the comparative effectiveness of implementation tools, due to the small number of studies, the heterogeneity between interventions, and the clinical conditions that were targeted.

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Conflict of interest statement

GF None known.

AH None known.

LG None known.

ME None known.

JG holds the Canada Research Chair in Health Knowledge Transfer and Uptake.

GL is Deputy Chief Executive and Director of Health and Social Care at the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), and has responsibility for the implementation programme that includes the development of implementation tools.

SS None known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
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2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study. White space indicate studies not reporting non‐objective outcomes and for which risk of bias could not be assessed.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies. White spcace indicate studies not reporting non‐objective outcomes and for which risk of bias could not be assessed.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

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