Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2016 Dec;22(12):1002.e9-1002.e14.
doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.08.007. Epub 2016 Aug 21.

A molecular epidemiological perspective of rhinovirus types circulating in Amsterdam from 2007 to 2012

L van der Linden  1 , A H L Bruning  2 , X V Thomas  3 , R P Minnaar  3 , S P H Rebers  3 , J Schinkel  3 , M D de Jong  3 , D Pajkrt  2 , K C Wolthers  3
Affiliations

A molecular epidemiological perspective of rhinovirus types circulating in Amsterdam from 2007 to 2012

L van der Linden et al. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Dec.

Abstract

Rhinoviruses (RVs) are frequently detected respiratory viruses that cause mild common cold symptoms, but may also lead to more severe respiratory tract infections. The large number of RV types, classified into species A, B and C, hampers clear insights into the epidemiology and clinical significance of each RV type. The aim of this study was to map the circulation of RV types in the Amsterdam area. RV-positive nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples, collected from 2007 to 2012 in the Academic Medical Centre (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), were typed based on the sequence of the region coding for capsid proteins VP4 and VP2. RV-A, RV-B and RV-C were found in proportions of of 52.4% (334/637), 11.3% (72/637), and 36.2% (231/637), respectively. We detected 129 of the 167 currently classified types. RVs circulated throughout the entire year with a peak in the autumn and a decline in the summer. Some RV types were observed throughout the entire sampling period and others had a more seasonal pattern. Nine RV-A and four RV-B novel provisionally assigned types were identified. This study provides an insight into the molecular epidemiology of RVs in the Amsterdam area. The RVs circulating are diverse and include several provisionally new types.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Genotype; Respiratory tract infection; Rhinovirus; Seasonality.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Age distribution of patients infected with rhinovirus type A (RV-A), RV-B or RV-C. The median and the interquartile range are depicted as well as p-values calculated with Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc test.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Observed rhinovirus (RV) co-infections. Patient samples were tested with a multiplex real-time PCR for other respiratory viruses. The viral co-infections detected in RV-positive samples are depicted. Enterovirus (EV) infections were only included if EV genotyping yielded a non-RV EV sequence.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Detection of rhinovirus (RV) types. The frequency of all currently known RV types and all detected provisionally assigned types are indicated.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Frequency of rhinovirus type A (RV-A), RV-B and RV-C infections per month. The amount of infections with RV species A, B and C observed in each month, pooling the years 2007–2012. The year 2009 was excluded, as RV circulation in that year was atypical.
None
None
None
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Jacobs S.E., Lamson D.M., Kirsten S., Walsh T.J. Human rhinoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26:135–162. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Leigh R., Proud D. Virus-induced modulation of lower airway diseases: pathogenesis and pharmacologic approaches to treatment. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;148:185–198. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Knowles N.J., Hovi T., Hyypiä T., King A.M.Q., Lindberg A.M., Pallansch M.A. Picornaviridae. In: King A.M.Q., Adams M.J., Carstens E.B., Lefkowitz E.J., editors. Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier; San Diego, CA: 2012. pp. 855–880.
    1. Lau S.K.P., Yip C.C.Y., Tsoi H.-W., Lee R.A., So L.-Y., Lau Y.-L. Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus (HRV) genetic cluster, probably representing a previously undetected HRV species, HRV-C, associated with acute respiratory illness in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:3655–3664. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lamson D., Renwick N., Kapoor V., Liu Z., Palacios G., Ju J. MassTag polymerase-chain-reaction detection of respiratory pathogens, including a new rhinovirus genotype, that caused influenza-like illness in New York State during 2004–2005. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1398–1402. - PMC - PubMed