Thromboembolic complications following a first isolated episode of superficial vein thrombosis: a cross-sectional retrospective study

Abstract

Superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) may be associated with complications such as venous thromboembolism (VTE) and recurrent SVT. The purpose of this study was to explore risk factors among patients with a first isolated episode of SVT (index SVT) involving upper and lower extremities and to estimate the prevalence of VTE complications within 1 year of index SVT. Retrospective chart review of electronic records at Marshfield Clinic in Wisconsin identified 381 subjects with a first isolated SVT diagnosis (male/female: 170/211; median age 59.4 years). Patients were stratified based on whether they did (n = 44; 11.5 %) or did not (n = 337; 88.5 %) experience VTE complications and whether they did (n = 25; 6.6 %) or did not (n = 356; 93.4 %) experience pulmonary embolism (PE) and/or deep vein thrombosis (DVT) within 1 year of index SVT. There were 49 complications among 44 patients; these included DVT (n = 18, 36.7 %), propagation of SVT (n = 18, 36.7 %), PE (n = 9, 18.4 %), new SVT at different location (n = 3, 6.1 %), and recurrent SVT (n = 1, 2.0 %). Univariate analysis of all VTE complications identified seven potential risk factors and similar analysis of PE/DVT complications identified eight potential risk factors, with six common risk factors identified in both analyses. Multivariate analysis identified indwelling venous catheter 30 days prior to SVT (p = 0.044), cancer history with treatment in the previous year (p = 0.001), and non-surgical trauma 7 days prior to SVT (p < 0.001) as independent risk factors for PE/DVT complications. Independent risk factors identified in the current study may convey greater risk for VTE complications, especially PE/DVT, following an initial isolated SVT episode.

Keywords: Deep vein thrombosis; Pulmonary embolism; Risk factors; Superficial vein thrombosis; Venous thromboembolism.