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. 2016 Aug 26;6(8):e011649.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011649.

Consumption of fruits and vegetables and associations with risk factors for non-communicable diseases in the Yangon region of Myanmar: a cross-sectional study

Marte Kjøllesdal  1 , Aung Soe Htet  1 , Hein Stigum  1 , Ne Yi Hla  2 , Hlaing Hlaing Hlaing  3 , Ei Kay Khaine  3 , Win Khaing  4 , Aung Kyaw Khant  5 , Naw Ohn Khin Khin  6 , Kay Khine Aye Mauk  7 , Ei Ei Moe  8 , Hla Moe  3 , Kyawt Kyawt Mon  4 , Kyaw Swa Mya  9 , Chomar Kaung Myint  10 , Cho Yi Myint  11 , Maung Maung Myint  12 , Ohnmar Myint  13 , Aye Aye New  8 , Ei Sanda Oo  10 , Khin Sandar Oo  3 , Zin Zin Pyone  14 , Yin Yin Soe  15 , Myint Myint Wai  16 , Nilar Win  4 , Espen Bjertness  1
Affiliations

Consumption of fruits and vegetables and associations with risk factors for non-communicable diseases in the Yangon region of Myanmar: a cross-sectional study

Marte Kjøllesdal et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objectives: To explore the intake of fruits and vegetables in the Yangon region, Myanmar, and to describe associations between intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) and established risk factors for non-communicable diseases.

Design: 2 cross-sectional studies, using the STEPs methodology.

Setting: Urban and rural areas of the Yangon region of Myanmar.

Participants: 1486, men and women, 25-74 years, were recruited through a multistage cluster sampling method. Institutionalised people, military personnel, Buddhist monks and nuns were not invited. Physically and mentally ill people were excluded.

Results: Mean intake of fruit was 0.8 (SE 0.1) and 0.6 (0.0) servings/day and of vegetables 2.2 (0.1) and 1.2 (0.1) servings/day, in urban and rural areas, respectively. Adjusted for included confounders (age, sex, location, income, education, smoking and low physical activity), men and women eating ≥2 servings of fruits and vegetables/day had lower odds than others of hypertriglyceridaemia (OR 0.72 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.94)). On average, women eating at least 2 servings of fruits and vegetables per day had cholesterol levels 0.28 mmol/L lower than the levels of other women. When only adjusted for sex and age, men eating at least 2 servings of fruits and vegetables per day had cholesterol levels 0.27 mmol/L higher than other men.

Conclusions: A high intake of FV was associated with lower odds of hypertriglyceridaemia among men and women. It was also associated with cholesterol levels, negatively among women and positively among men.

Keywords: DIABETES & ENDOCRINOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
DAG of causal relationships. *BMI was included as a mediator in analyses with all outcomes, except when BMI was the outcome. BMI, body mass index; DAG, directed acyclic graph; NCD, non-communicable disease.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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