Impact of country of birth on age at the time of diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States

Abstract

Background: There is global variation in the onset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective of the current study was to investigate the impact of country of birth on age at the time of HCC diagnosis in the United States.

Methods: Incident HCC cases diagnosed between 2000 and 2012 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program 18 registry were included. Factors associated with very early onset (age at diagnosis < 40 years) and early onset (age at diagnosis < 50 years) were identified by logistic regression.

Results: A total of 59,907 patients were included. The median age at the time of diagnosis of HCC was 62 years and 76% of the patients were male. Of the 75% of patients for whom information regarding birth country was available, 29% were foreign born. In multivariate logistic regression, birth in West Africa (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 16.3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 9.2-27.9 [P<.01]), Central/South/other Africa (AOR, 11.0; 95% CI, 4.5-23.7 [P<.01]), Oceania (AOR, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.9-8.0 [P<.01]), and East Africa (AOR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.5-6.8 [P<.01]) was found to have the strongest association with very early-onset HCC after adjusting for sex and race/ethnicity. Birth in West Africa, Central/South/other Africa, Oceania, or East Africa also was found to be strongly associated with early-onset HCC.

Conclusions: Birth country was found to be independently associated with age at the time of HCC diagnosis in the United States. Birth in Africa (except for North Africa) and Oceania was strongly associated with very early-onset HCC. These findings have implications for the design of comprehensive HCC surveillance programs in the United States. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2017;81-89. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

Keywords: Africa; Oceania; age; early onset; liver cancer.

Figure 1. Trends of proportions of foreign born HCC patients in the US SEER 18 registries

Joinpoint regression annual percent change in foreign born place of birth by race and ethnicity The overall trend is −1.12% *, white −1.65%, black −2.64%, API −0.34%*, and Hispanic 0.70%. * indicates P<0.05

Figure 2. Global map showing the median age of HCC diagnosis by country or region of birth among individuals with HCC in the US SEER 18 registries

Global map was generated based on the specific country data when the number of individuals born in the specific country were ≥10. If the number of individuals born in the specific country were < 10, then that area was mapped based on the regional data. Oceania were colored-coded by outline of rectangle.

Figure 3. Global map showing the proportion of early onset HCC (age of HCC diagnosis <50) by country or region of birth among individuals with HCC in the US SEER 18 registries

Global map was generated based on the each country data when the number of individuals born in the specific country were ≥10. If the number of individuals born in the specific country were < 10, then that area was mapped based on the regional data. Oceania were colored-coded by outline of rectangle.