Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2016 Sep 1;9(9):CD000456.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000456.pub5.

Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants

Anne Greenough  1 , Thomas E Rossor, Adesh Sundaresan, Vadivelam Murthy, Anthony D Milner
Affiliations
Review

Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants

Anne Greenough et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: During synchronised mechanical ventilation, positive airway pressure and spontaneous inspiration coincide. If synchronous ventilation is provoked, adequate gas exchange should be achieved at lower peak airway pressures, potentially reducing baro/volutrauma, air leak and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Synchronous ventilation can potentially be achieved by manipulation of rate and inspiratory time during conventional ventilation and employment of patient-triggered ventilation.

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of:(i) synchronised mechanical ventilation, delivered as high-frequency positive pressure ventilation (HFPPV) or patient-triggered ventilation (assist control ventilation (ACV) and synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV)), with conventional ventilation or high-frequency oscillation (HFO);(ii) different types of triggered ventilation (ACV, SIMV, pressure-regulated volume control ventilation (PRVCV), SIMV with pressure support (PS) and pressure support ventilation (PSV)).

Search methods: We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2016, Issue 5), MEDLINE via PubMed (1966 to June 5 2016), EMBASE (1980 to June 5 2016), and CINAHL (1982 to June 5 2016). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials.

Selection criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised clinical trials comparing synchronised ventilation delivered as HFPPV to CMV, or ACV/SIMV to CMV or HFO in neonates. Randomised trials comparing different triggered ventilation modes (ACV, SIMV, SIMV plus PS, PRVCV and PSV) in neonates.

Data collection and analysis: Data were collected regarding clinical outcomes including mortality, air leaks (pneumothorax or pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE)), severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grades 3 and 4), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (oxygen dependency beyond 28 days), moderate/severe BPD (oxygen/respiratory support dependency beyond 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA) and duration of weaning/ventilation.Eight comparisons were made: (i) HFPPV versus CMV; (ii) ACV/SIMV versus CMV; (iii) SIMV or SIMV + PS versus HFO; iv) ACV versus SIMV; (v) SIMV plus PS versus SIMV; vi) SIMV versus PRVCV; vii) SIMV vs PSV; viii) ACV versus PSV. Data analysis was conducted using relative risk for categorical outcomes, mean difference for outcomes measured on a continuous scale.

Main results: Twenty-two studies are included in this review. The meta-analysis demonstrates that HFPPV compared to CMV was associated with a reduction in the risk of air leak (typical relative risk (RR) for pneumothorax was 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51 to 0.93). ACV/SIMV compared to CMV was associated with a shorter duration of ventilation (mean difference (MD) -38.3 hours, 95% CI -53.90 to -22.69). SIMV or SIMV + PS was associated with a greater risk of moderate/severe BPD compared to HFO (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.65) and a longer duration of mechanical ventilation compared to HFO (MD 1.89 days, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.74).ACV compared to SIMV was associated with a trend to a shorter duration of weaning (MD -42.38 hours, 95% CI -94.35 to 9.60). Neither HFPPV nor triggered ventilation was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of BPD. There was a non-significant trend towards a lower mortality rate using HFPPV versus CMV and a non-significant trend towards a higher mortality rate using triggered ventilation versus CMV. No disadvantage of HFPPV or triggered ventilation was noted regarding other outcomes.

Authors' conclusions: Compared to conventional ventilation, benefit is demonstrated for both HFPPV and triggered ventilation with regard to a reduction in air leak and a shorter duration of ventilation, respectively. In none of the trials was complex respiratory monitoring undertaken and thus it is not possible to conclude that the mechanism of producing those benefits is by provocation of synchronised ventilation. Triggered ventilation in the form of SIMV ± PS resulted in a greater risk of BPD and duration of ventilation compared to HFO. Optimisation of trigger and ventilator design with respect to respiratory diagnosis is encouraged before embarking on further trials. It is essential that newer forms of triggered ventilation are tested in randomised trials that are adequately powered to assess long-term outcomes before they are incorporated into routine clinical practice.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

AG received no grants or speaker fees for the three years prior to the publication of this review.

TER has no interest to declare

AS has no interest to declare

VM has no interest to declare

ADM has no interest to declare

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram: review update
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: HFPPV vs CMV, Outcome 1: Death
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: HFPPV vs CMV, Outcome 2: Air leaks
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: HFPPV vs CMV, Outcome 3: Total air leak
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: HFPPV vs CMV, Outcome 4: BPD (oxygen dependency at 28 days)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: HFPPV vs CMV, Outcome 5: IVH
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: ACV/SIMV vs CMV, Outcome 1: Death
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: ACV/SIMV vs CMV, Outcome 2: Air leaks
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: ACV/SIMV vs CMV, Outcome 3: Duration of ventilation (hours)
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: ACV/SIMV vs CMV, Outcome 4: Extubation failure
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: ACV/SIMV vs CMV, Outcome 5: Severe IVH
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: ACV/SIMV vs CMV, Outcome 6: BPD (oxygen dependency at 28 days)
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: ACV/SIMV vs CMV, Outcome 7: Moderate/Severe BPD (oxygen dependent at 36 weeks PCA)
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: SIMV or SIMV + PS vs HFOV, Outcome 1: Death
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: SIMV or SIMV + PS vs HFOV, Outcome 2: BPD: oxygen requirement at 28 days
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: SIMV or SIMV + PS vs HFOV, Outcome 3: Moderate/ Severe BPD: Oxygen requirement at 36 weeks PCA
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: SIMV or SIMV + PS vs HFOV, Outcome 4: Death or BPD
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: SIMV or SIMV + PS vs HFOV, Outcome 5: Duration of mechanical ventilation
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: SIMV or SIMV + PS vs HFOV, Outcome 6: Air leaks
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: SIMV or SIMV + PS vs HFOV, Outcome 7: IVH Grade 3/4
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: ACV vs SIMV, Outcome 1: Duration of weaning (hours)
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: ACV vs SIMV, Outcome 2: Weaning failure
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: ACV vs SIMV, Outcome 3: Extubation failure
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: ACV vs SIMV, Outcome 4: Air leaks
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: PS + SIMV versus SIMV, Outcome 1: Death
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: PS + SIMV versus SIMV, Outcome 2: Air leaks
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: PS + SIMV versus SIMV, Outcome 3: BPD
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: PS + SIMV versus SIMV, Outcome 4: Severe IVH (grade III and IV)
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: PRVCV vs SIMV, Outcome 1: Death prior to discharge
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: PRVCV vs SIMV, Outcome 2: BPD: oxygen requirement at 36 weeks in survivors
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: PRVCV vs SIMV, Outcome 3: Air leak
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: PRVCV vs SIMV, Outcome 4: Severe IVH
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: PSV vs SIMV, Outcome 1: Duration of weaning
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: PSV vs SIMV, Outcome 2: Extubation failure
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: PSV vs SIMV, Outcome 3: Air leaks (total)
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: PSV vs SIMV, Outcome 4: Moderate/Severe BPD: oxygen requirement at 36 weeks PCA
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000456.pub4

References

References to studies included in this review

Amini 2013 {published data only}
    1. Amini E, Nayeri FS, Hemati A, Esmaeilinia T, Nili F, Dalili H, et al. Comparison of High Frequency Positive Pressure Mechanical Ventilation (HFPPV) With Conventional Method in the Treatment of Neonatal Respiratory Failure. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2013;15(3):183-6. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Baumer 2000 {published data only}
    1. Baumer JH. International randomised controlled trial of patient triggered ventilation in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2000;82(1):F5-F10. - PMC - PubMed
Beresford 2000 {published data only}
    1. Beresford MW, Shaw NJ, Manning D. Randomised controlled trial of patient triggered and conventional fast rate ventilation in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2000;82(1):F14-18. - PMC - PubMed
Bernstein 1996 {published data only}
    1. Bernstein G, Mannino FL, Heldt GP, Callahan JD, Bull DH, Sola A, et al. Randomized multicenter trial comparing synchronized and conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation in neonates. Journal of Pediatrics 1996;128(4):453-63. - PubMed
Chan 1993 {published data only}
    1. Chan V, Greenough A. Randomised controlled trial of weaning by patient triggered ventilation or conventional ventilation. European Journal of Pediatrics 1993;152(1):51-4. - PubMed
Chan 1994 {published data only}
    1. Chan V, Greenough A. Comparison of weaning by patient triggered ventilation or synchronous mandatory intermittent ventilation. Acta Paediatrica 1994;83(3):335-7. - PubMed
Chen 1997 {published data only}
    1. Chen J-Y, Ling U-P, Chen J-H. Comparison of synchronized and conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation in neonates. Acta Paediatrica Japonica 1997;39(5):578-83. - PubMed
Courtney 2002a {published data only}
    1. Courtney SE, Durand DJ, Asselin JM, Hudak ML, Aschner JL, Shoemaker CT. High-Frequency Oscillatory ventilation versus conventional mechanical ventilation for very-low birth-weight infants. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;347(9):643-52. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Craft 2003a {published data only}
    1. Craft AP, Bhandari V, Finer NN. The sy-fi study: a randomized prospective trial of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation versus a high-frequency flow interrupter in infants less than 1000 g. Journal of Perinatology 2003;23(1):14-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
D'Angio 2005 {published data only}
    1. D'Angio CT, Chess PR, Kovacs SJ, Sinkin RA, Phelps DL, Kendig JW, et al. Pressure-regulated volume control ventilation vs synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation for very low birthweight infants. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2005;159(9):868-75. - PubMed
Dimitriou 1995a {published data only}
    1. Dimitriou G, Greenough A, Giffin FJ, Chan V. Synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation modes versus patient triggered ventilation during weaning. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1995;72(3):F188-90. - PMC - PubMed
Dimitriou 1995b {published data only}
    1. Dimitriou G, Greenough A, Giffin FJ, Chan V. Synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation modes versus patient triggered ventilation during weaning. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1995;72(3):F188-90. - PMC - PubMed
Donn 1994 {published data only}
    1. Donn SM, Nicks JJ, Becker MA. Flow-synchronized ventilation of preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Journal of Perinatology 1994;14(2):90-4. - PubMed
Erdemir 2014 {published data only}
    1. Erdemir A, Kahramaner Z, Turkoglu E, Cosar H, Sutcuoglu S, Ozer EA. Effects of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation versus pressure support plus volume guarantee ventilation in the weaning phase of preterm infants*. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2014;15(3):236-41. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Heicher 1981 {published data only}
    1. Heicher DA, Kasting DS, Harrod JR. Prospective clinical comparison of two methods for mechanical ventilation of neonates: rapid rate and short inspiratory time versus slow rate and long inspiratory time. Journal of Pediatrics 1981;98(6):957-61. - PubMed
Liu 2011 {published data only}
    1. Liu CQ, Cui Z, Xia YF, Ma Li, Fan LL. Randomized controlled study of targeted tidal volume ventilation for treatment of severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome [Chinese]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2011;13(9):696-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
OCTAVE 1991 {published data only}
    1. Oxford Region Controlled Trial of Artificial Ventilation (OCTAVE) Study Group. Multicentre randomised controlled trial of high against low frequency positive pressure ventilation. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1991;66(7 Spec No):770-5. - PMC - PubMed
Patel 2012 {published data only}
    1. Patel DS, Murthy V, Hannam S, Lee S, Rafferty GF, Greenough A. Randomised weaning trial comparing assist control to pressure support ventilation. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2012;97(6):F429-33. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Pohlandt 1992 {published data only}
    1. Pohlandt F, Saule H, Schrîder H, Leonhardt A, Hîrnchen H, Wolff C, Bernsau U, Oppermann H-C. Decreased incidence of extra-alveolar air leakage or death prior to air leakage in high versus low rate positive pressure ventilation: results of a randomised seven-centre trial in preterm infants. European Journal of Pediatrics 1992;151(12):904-9. - PubMed
Reyes 2006 {published data only}
    1. Reyes ZC, Claure N, Tauscher MK, D'Ugard C, Vanbuskirk S, Bancalari E. Randomized, controlled trial comparing synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation plus pressure support in preterm infants. Pediatrics 2006;118(4):1409-17. - PubMed
Singh 2012 {published data only}
    1. Singh S N, Malik G K, Prashanth G P, Singh A, Kumar M. High frequency oscillatory ventilation versus synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm neonates with hyaline membrane disease: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2012;49(5):405-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sun 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sun H, Cheng R, Kang W, Xiong H, Zhou C, Zhang Y, et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation versus synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation plus pressure support in preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. Respiratory Care 2014;59(2):159-69. [PMID: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abd El‐Moneim 2005 {published data only}
    1. Abd El-Moneim ES, Fuerste HO, Krueger M, Elmagd AA, Brandis M, Schulte-Moenting J, et al. Pressure support ventilation combined with volume guarantee versus synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation: a pilot crossover trial in premature infants in their weaning phase. Critical Care Medicine 2005;6(3):286-92. - PubMed
Abubakar 2005 {published data only}
    1. Abubakar K, Keszler M. Effect of volume guarantee combined with assist/control vs synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. Journal of Perinatology 2005;25(10):638-42. - PubMed
Amitay 1993 {published data only}
    1. Amitay M, Etches PC, Finer NN, Maidens JM. Synchronous mechanical ventilation of the neonate with respiratory disease. Critical Care Medicine 1993;21(1):118-24. - PubMed
Bernstein 1993 {published data only}
    1. Bernstein G, Cleary JP, Heldt GP, Rosas JF, Schellenberg l, Mannino FL. Response time and reliability of three neonatal patient triggered ventilators. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1993;148(2):358-64. - PubMed
Bitondo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bitondo M M, Aguirre-Bermeo H M, Moccaldo A, De Santis P, Bernini V, Tersali A, et al. Patient-ventilator asynchrony during conventional or automated pressure support ventilation in difficult-to-wean patients. Critical Care 2012;16(Suppl 1):P126. [DOI: 10.1186/cc10733] - DOI
Chan 1993b {published data only}
    1. Chan V, Greenough A. Neonatal patient triggered ventilators. Performance in acute and chronic lung disease. Br J Int Care 1993;3:216-9.
Cheema 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cheema IU, Ahluwalia JS. Feasibility of tidal volume-guided ventilation in newborn infants: a randomized, crossover trial using the volume guarantee modality. Pediatrics 2001;107:1323-8. - PubMed
Clavieras 2013 {published data only}
    1. Clavieras N, Wysocki M, Coisel Y, Galia F, Conseil M, Chanques G, et al. Prospective randomized crossover study of a new closed-loop control system versus pressure support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Anesthesiology 2013;119(3):631-41. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Cleary 1995 {published data only}
    1. Cleary JP, Bernstein G, Mannino FL, Heldt BP. Improved oxygenation during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized, crossover study. Journal of Pediatrics 1995;126(3):407-11. - PubMed
Dani 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dani C, Bertini G, Pezzati M, Filippi L, Pratesi S, Caviglioli C, et al. Effects of pressure support ventilation plus volume guarantee vs high-frequency oscillatory ventilation on lung inflammation in preterm infants. Pediatric Pulmonology 2006;41(3):242-9. - PubMed
deBoer 1993 {published data only}
    1. Boer RC, Jones A, Ward PS, Baumer JH. Long term trigger ventilation in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1993;68:308-11. - PMC - PubMed
de la Oliva 2012 {published data only}
    1. la Oliva P, Schuffelmann C, Gomez-Zamora A, Villar J, Kacmarek R M. Asynchrony, neural drive, ventilatory variability and COMFORT: NAVA versus pressure support in pediatric patients. A non-randomized cross-over trial. Intensive Care Med 2012;38(5):838-46. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
De Luca 2009 {published data only}
    1. De Luca D, Conti G, Piastra M, Paolillo PM. Flow-cycled versus time-cycled sIPPV in preterm babies with RDS: a breath-to-breath randomised cross-over trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal edition 2009;94(6):F397-401. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Dimitriou 1998 {published data only}
    1. Dimitriou G, Greenough A, Lauscher B, Yamaguchi N. Comparison of airway pressure triggered and airflow triggered ventilation in immature infants. Acta Paediatrica 1998;87(12):1256-60. - PubMed
Duman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Duman N, Tuzun F, Sutcuoglu S, Yesilirmak C D, Kumral A, Ozkan H. Impact of volume guarantee on synchronized ventilation in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2012;38(8):1358-64. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Durand 2001 {published data only}
    1. Durand DJ, Asselin JM, Hudak ML, Aschner JL, McArtor RD, Cleary JP, et al. Early high-frequency oscillatory ventilation versus synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in very low birth weight infants: a pilot study of two ventilation protocols. Journal of Perinatology 2001;21(4):221-9. - PubMed
Estay 2009 {published data only}
    1. Estay A, Claure N, D'Ugard C, Organero R, Bancalari E. Effects of instrumental dead space reduction during weaning from synchronized ventilation in preterm infants. Journal of Perinatology 2010;30(7):479-83. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Firme 2005 {published data only}
    1. Firme SR, McEvoy CT, Alconcel C, Tanner J, Durand M. Episodes of hypoxemia during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in ventilator-dependent very low birth weight infants. Pediatric Pulmonology 2005;40(1):9-14. - PubMed
Friedlich 1999 {published data only}
    1. Friedlich P, Lecart C, Posen R, Ramicone E, Chan L, Ramanathan R. A randomized trial of nasopharyngeal synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation versus nasopharyngeal continuous positive airway pressure in very low birthweight infants after extubation. Journal of Perinatology 1999;19(6 Pt 1):413-18. - PubMed
Greenough 1986 {published data only}
    1. Greenough A, Morley CJ, Pool J. Fighting the ventilator - are fast rates an effective alternative to paralysis? Early Human Development 1986;13(2):189-94. - PubMed
Greenough 1987a {published data only}
    1. Greenough A, Pool J, Greenall F, Morley CJ, Gamsu H. Comparison of different rates of artificial ventilation in preterm neonates with the respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1987;76(5):706-12. - PubMed
Greenough 1987b {published data only}
    1. Greenough A, Greenall F, Gamsu H. Synchronous respiration - which ventilator rate is best? Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1987;76(5):713-18. - PubMed
Greenough 1988a {published data only}
    1. Greenough A, Greenall F. Patient triggered ventilation in premature neonates. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1988;63:77-8. - PMC - PubMed
Greenough 1988b {published data only}
    1. Greenough A, Pool J. Neonatal patient triggered ventilation. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1988;63:394-7. - PMC - PubMed
Greenough 1991 {published data only}
    1. Greenough A, Hird MF, Chan V. Airway pressure triggered ventilation for preterm neonates. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1991;19(6):471-6. - PubMed
Gupta 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gupta S, Sinha SK, Donn SM. The effect of two levels of pressure support ventilation on tidal volume delivery and minute ventilation in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2009;94(2):F80-3. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Guthrie 2005 {published data only}
    1. Guthrie SO, Lynn C, Lafleur BJ, Donn SM, Walsh WF. A crossover analysis of mandatory minute ventilation compared to synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in neonates. Journal of Perinatology 2005;25(10):643-6. - PubMed
Guven 2013 {published data only}
    1. Guven S, Bozdag S, Saner H, Cetinkaya M, Yazar A S, Erguven M. Early neonatal outcomes of volume guaranteed ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013;26(4):396-401. [PMID: 23039373 ] - PubMed
Herrera 2002 {published data only}
    1. Herrera CM, Gerhardt T, Claure N, Everett R, Musante G, Thomas C, et al. Effects of volume-guaranteed synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants recovering from respiratory failure. Pediatrics 2002;110(3):529-33. - PubMed
Hird 1990a {published data only}
    1. Hird MF, Greenough A. Causes of failure of neonatal patient triggered ventilation. Early Human Development 1990;23(2):101-8. - PubMed
Hird 1990b {published data only}
    1. Hird MF, Greenough A. Gestational age: an important influence on the success of patient triggered ventilation. Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 1990;11(4):307-12. - PubMed
Hird 1991a {published data only}
    1. Hird MF, Greenough A. Randomised trial of patient triggered ventilation versus high frequency positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory distress. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1991;19(5):379-84 (listed in Wallach EE (ed) Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, February 1993). - PubMed
Hird 1991b {published data only}
    1. Hird MF, Greenough A. Patient triggered ventilation in chronically ventilator-dependent infants. European Journal of Pediatrics 1991;150(10):732-4. - PubMed
Hird 1991c {published data only}
    1. Hird MF, Greenough A. Patient triggered ventilation using a flow triggered system. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1991;66(10 Spec No):1140-3. - PMC - PubMed
Hird 1991d {published data only}
    1. Hird MF, Greenough A. Comparison of triggering systems for neonatal patient triggered ventilation. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1991;66(4 Spec No):426-8 (abstracted in Clinical Digest Series - Pediatrics/Neonatology, Northbrook IL, USA). - PMC - PubMed
Hummler 1996 {published data only}
    1. Hummler H, Gerhardt T, Gonzalez A, Claure N, Everett R, Bancalari E. Influence of different methods of synchronized mechanical ventilation on ventilation, gas exchange, patient effort and blood pressure fluctuations in premature neonates. Pediatric Pulmonology 1996;22(5):305-13. - PubMed
Hummler 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hummler H, Gerhardt T, Gonzalez A, Claure N, Everett R, Bancalari E. Increased incidence of sighs (augmented inspiratory eforts) during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) in preterm neonates. Pediatric Pulmonology 1997;24(3):195-203. - PubMed
Hummler 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hummler H, Engelmann A, Pohlandt F, Franz AR. Volume-controlled intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants with hypoxemic episodes. Intensive Care Medicine 2006;32(4):577-84. - PubMed
Jaber 2005 {published data only}
    1. Jaber S, Delay JM, Matecki S, Sebbane M, Eledjam JJ, Brochard L. Volume-guaranteed pressure-support ventilation facing acute changes in ventilatory demand. Intensive Care Medicine 2005;31(9):1181-8. - PubMed
Jarreau 1996 {published data only}
    1. Jarreau P-H, Moriette G, Mussat P, Mariette C, Mohanna A, Harf A, et al. Patient-triggered ventilation decreases the work of breathing in neonates. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1996;153(3):1176-81. - PubMed
John 1994 {published data only}
    1. John J, Bjîrklung LJ, Svenningsen NW, Jonson B. Airway and body surface sensors for triggering in neonatal ventilation. Acta Paediatrica 1994;83(9):903-9. - PubMed
Kapasi 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kapasi M, Fujino Y, Kirmse M, Catlin EA, Kacmarek RM. Effort and work of breathing in neonates during assisted patient triggered ventilation. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2001;2:9-16. - PubMed
Keszler 2004 {published data only}
    1. Keszler M, Abubakar K. Volume guarantee: stability of tidal volume and incidence of hypocarbia. Pediatric Pulmonology 2004;38(3):240-5. - PubMed
Laubscher 1997 {published data only}
    1. Laubscher B Greenough A, Kavadia V. Comparison of body surface and airway triggered ventilation in extremely premature infants. Acta Paediatrica 1997;86(1):102-4. - PubMed
Lista 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lista G, Castoldi F, Fontana P, Reali R, Reggiani A, Bianchi S, et al. Lung inflammation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome: effects of ventilation with different tidal volumes. Pediatric Pulmonology 2006;41(4):357-63. - PubMed
Luyt 2001 {published data only}
    1. Luyt K, Wright D, Baumer JH. Randomised study comparing extent of hypocarbia in preterm infants during conventional and patient triggered ventilation. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal edition 2001;84(1):F14-7. - PMC - PubMed
McCallion 2007 {published data only}
    1. McCallion N, Lau R, Morley CJ, Dargaville PA. Neonatal volume guarantee ventilation: effects of spontaneous breathing, triggered and untriggered inflations. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2008;93(1):F36-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Migliori 2003 {published data only}
    1. Migliori C, Cavazza A, Motta M, Chirico G. Effect on respiratory function of pressure support ventilation versus synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants. Pediatric Pulmonology 2003;35(5):364-7. - PubMed
Mitchell 1989 {published data only}
    1. Mitchell A, Greenough A, Hird MF. Limitations of neonatal patient triggered ventilation. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1989;64:924-9. - PMC - PubMed
Mizuno 1994 {published data only}
    1. Mizuno K, Takeuchi T, Itabashi K, Okuyama K. Efficacy of synchronized IMV on weaning neonates from the ventilator. Acta Paediatrica Japonica 1994;36(2):162-6. - PubMed
Moretti 1999 {published data only}
    1. Moretti C, Gizzi C, Papoff P, Lampariello S, Capoferri M, Calcagnini G, Bucci G. Comparing the effects of nasal synchronized intermittent positive pressure ventilation (nSIPPV) and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) after extubation in very low birth weight infants. Early Human Development 1999;56(2–3):167–77. - PubMed
Mrozek 2000 {published data only}
    1. Mrozek JD, Bendel-Stenzel EM, Meyers PA, Bing DR, Connett JE, Mammel MC. Randomized controlled trial of volume-targeted synchronized ventilation and conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation following initial exogenous surfactant therapy. Pediatric Pulmonology 2000;29(1):11-8. - PubMed
Nacoti 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nacoti M, Spagnolli E, Bonanomi E, Barbanti C, Cereda M, Fumagalli R. Sigh improves gas exchange and respiratory mechanics in children undergoing pressure support after major surgery. Minerva Anestesiologica 2012;78(8):920-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Nafday 2005 {published data only}
    1. Nafday SM, Green RS, Lin J, Brion LP, Ochshorn I, Holzman IR. Is there an advantage of using pressure support ventilation with volume guarantee in the initial management of preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome? A pilot study. Journal of Perinatology 2005;25(3):193-7. - PubMed
Nakae 1998 {published data only}
    1. Nakae Y, Yamakage M, Horikawa D, Aimono M, Tamiya K, Namiki A. Triggering delay time and work of breathing in three paediatric patient triggered ventilators. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;45(3):261-5. - PubMed
Nikischin 1996 {published data only}
    1. Nikischin W, Gerhardt T, Everett R, Gonzalez A, Hummler H, Bancalari E. Patient triggered ventilation: a comparison of tidal volume and chest wall and abdominal motion as trigger signals. Pediatric Pulmonology 1996;22(1):28-34. - PubMed
Nishimura 1995 {published data only}
    1. Nishimura M, Hess D, Kacmarek RM. The response of flow-triggered infant ventilators. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1995;152(6 Pt 1):1901-9. - PubMed
Olsen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Olsen SL, Thibeault DW, Truog WE. Crossover trial comparing pressure support with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. Journal of Perinatology 2002;22(6):461-6. - PubMed
Osorio 2005 {published data only}
    1. Osorio W, Claure N, D'Ugard C, Athavale K, Bancalari E. Effects of pressure support during an acute reduction of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in preterm infants. Journal of Perinatology 2005;25(6):412-6. - PubMed
Patel 2009 {published data only}
    1. Patel DS, Rafferty GF, Lee S, Hannam S, Greenough A. Work of breathing during SIMV with and without pressure support. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2009;94(6):434-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Polimeni 2006 {published data only}
    1. Polimeni V, Claure N, D'Ugard C, Bancalari E. Effects of volume-targeted synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation on spontaneous episodes of hypoxemia in preterm infants. Biology of the Neonate 2006;89(1):50-5. - PubMed
Scopesi 2007 {published data only}
    1. Scopesi F, Calevo MG, Rolfe P, Arioni C, Traggiai C, Risso FM, et al. Volume targeted ventilation (volume guarantee) in the weaning phase of premature newborn infants. Paediatric Pulmonology 2007;42(10):864-70. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Servant 1992 {published data only}
    1. Servant GM, Nicks JJ, Donn SM, Bandy KP, Lathrop C, Dechert RE. Feasibility of applying flow-synchronized ventilation to very low birthweight infants. Respiratory Care 1992;37:249-53.
Smith 1997 {published data only}
    1. Smith KM, Walig TM, Bing DR, Georgieff MK, Boros SJ, Mammel MC. Lower respiratory rates without decreases in oxygen consumption during neonatal synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. Intensive Care Medicine 1997;23(4):463-8. - PubMed
Takeuchi 1994 {published data only}
    1. Takeuchi MK, Itabashi K, Okuyama K. Efficacy of synchronized IMV on weaning neonates from the ventilator. Acta Paediatrica Japonica 1994;36(2):162-6. - PubMed
Thiagarajan 2004 {published data only}
    1. Thiagarajan RR, Coleman DM, Bratton SL, Watson RS, Martin LD. Inspiratory work of breathing is not decreased by flow-triggered sensing during spontaneous breathing in children receiving mechanical ventilation: a preliminary report. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2004;5(4):375-8. - PubMed
Upton 1990 {published data only}
    1. Upton CJ, Milner AD, Stokes GM. The effect of changes in inspiratory time on neonatal triggered ventilation. European Journal of Pediatrics 1990;149(9):648-50. - PubMed
Vishveshwara 1991 {published data only}
    1. Vishveshwara N, Freeman B, Peck M, Caliwag N, Shook S, Rajani KB. Patient triggered synchronized assisted ventilation of newborns: report of a preliminary study and three years' experience. Journal of Perinatology 1991;11(4):347-54. - PubMed
Wheeler 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wheeler KI, Morley CJ, Hooper SB, Davis PG. Lower back-up rates improve ventilator triggering during assist-control ventilation: a randomized crossover trial. Journal of Perinatology 2012;32(2):111-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Greenough 1998
    1. Greenough A, Milner AD, Dimitriou G. Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1998, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000456] - DOI - PubMed
Greenough 2001
    1. Greenough A, Milner AD, Dimitriou G. Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000456] - DOI - PubMed
Greenough 2004
    1. Greenough A, Milner AD, Dimitriou G. Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000456.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Greenough 2008
    1. Greenough A, Dimitriou G, Prendergast M, Milner AD. Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory supporting newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000456.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources