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Review
. 2016;23(33):3754-3774.
doi: 10.2174/0929867323666160907162546.

Osteoimmunology and Beyond

Lia Ginaldi  1 , Massimo De Martinis
Affiliations
Review

Osteoimmunology and Beyond

Lia Ginaldi et al. Curr Med Chem. 2016.

Abstract

Objective: Osteoimmunology investigates interactions between skeleton and immune system. In the light of recent discoveries in this field, a new reading register of osteoporosis is actually emerging, in which bone and immune cells are strictly interconnected. Osteoporosis could therefore be considered a chronic immune mediated disease which shares with other age related disorders a common inflammatory background. Here, we highlight these recent discoveries and the new landscape that is emerging.

Method: Extensive literature search in PubMed central.

Results: While the inflammatory nature of osteoporosis has been clearly recognized, other interesting aspects of osteoimmunology are currently emerging. In addition, mounting evidence indicates that the immunoskeletal interface is involved in the regulation of important body functions beyond bone remodeling. Bone cells take part with cells of the immune system in various immunological functions, configuring a real expanded immune system, and are therefore variously involved not only as target but also as main actors in various pathological conditions affecting primarily the immune system, such as autoimmunity and immune deficiencies, as well as in aging, menopause and other diseases sharing an inflammatory background.

Conclusion: The review highlights the complexity of interwoven pathways and shared mechanisms of the crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. More interestingly, the interdisciplinary field of osteoimmunology is now expanding beyond bone and immune cells, defining new homeostatic networks in which other organs and systems are functionally interconnected. Therefore, the correct skeletal integrity maintenance may be also relevant to other functions outside its involvement in bone mineral homeostasis, hemopoiesis and immunity.

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Figures

Fig. (1)
Fig. (1)
Shared immune mediators in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis.
Fig. (2)
Fig. (2)
The role of Th17 lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis.
Fig. (3)
Fig. (3)
The effects of estrogen deficiency on cells and molecules involved in bone metabolism.
Fig. (4)
Fig. (4)
Senile osteoporosis.
Fig. (5)
Fig. (5)
The vicious cycle of bone destruction and cancer growth.
Fig. (6)
Fig. (6)
Integrated roles of leptin and serotonin in bone remodeling.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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