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Review
. 2016 Sep 12;9(9):CD011567.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011567.pub2.

Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults

Irene Bighelli  1 , Carlotta Trespidi, Mariasole Castellazzi, Andrea Cipriani, Toshi A Furukawa, Francesca Girlanda, Giuseppe Guaiana, Markus Koesters, Corrado Barbui
Affiliations
Review

Antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults

Irene Bighelli et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: A panic attack is a discrete period of fear or anxiety that has a rapid onset, reaches a peak within 10 minutes and in which at least four of 13 characteristic symptoms are experienced, including racing heart, chest pain, sweating, shaking, dizziness, flushing, stomach churning, faintness and breathlessness. Panic disorder is common in the general population with a lifetime prevalence of 1% to 4%. The treatment of panic disorder includes psychological and pharmacological interventions. Amongst pharmacological agents, antidepressants and benzodiazepines are the mainstay of treatment for panic disorder. Different classes of antidepressants have been compared; and the British Association for Psychopharmacology, and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) consider antidepressants (mainly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)) as the first-line treatment for panic disorder, due to their more favourable adverse effect profile over monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). In addition to antidepressants, benzodiazepines are widely prescribed for the treatment of panic disorder.

Objectives: To assess the evidence for the effects of antidepressants and benzodiazepines for panic disorder in adults.

Search methods: The Specialised Register of the Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group (CCMDCTR) to 11 September 2015. This register includes relevant randomised controlled trials from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1950-), Embase (1974-) and PsycINFO (1967-). Reference lists of relevant papers and previous systematic reviews were handsearched. We contacted experts in this field for supplemental data.

Selection criteria: All double-blind randomised controlled trials allocating adult patients with panic disorder to antidepressants or benzodiazepines versus any other active treatment with antidepressants or benzodiazepines.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently checked eligibility and extracted data using a standard form. Data were entered in RevMan 5.3 using a double-check procedure. Information extracted included study characteristics, participant characteristics, intervention details, settings and outcome measures in terms of efficacy, acceptability and tolerability.

Main results: Thirty-five studies, including 6785 participants overall (of which 5365 in the arms of interest (antidepressant and benzodiazepines as monotherapy)) were included in this review; however, since studies addressed many different comparisons, only a few trials provided data for primary outcomes. We found low-quality evidence suggesting no difference between antidepressants and benzodiazepines in terms of response rate (risk ratio (RR) 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 1.47; participants = 215; studies = 2). Very low-quality evidence suggested a benefit for benzodiazepines compared to antidepressants in terms of dropouts due to any cause, even if confidence interval (CI) ranges from almost no difference to benefit with benzodiazepines (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.63; participants = 1449; studies = 7). We found some evidence suggesting that serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are better tolerated than TCAs (when looking at the number of patients experiencing adverse effects). We failed to find clinically significant differences between individual benzodiazepines. The majority of studies did not report details on random sequence generation and allocation concealment; similarly, no details were provided about strategies to ensure blinding. The study protocol was not available for almost all studies so it is difficult to make a judgment on the possibility of outcome reporting bias. Information on adverse effects was very limited.

Authors' conclusions: The identified studies are not sufficient to comprehensively address the objectives of the present review. The majority of studies enrolled a small number of participants and did not provide data for all the outcomes specified in the protocol. For these reasons most of the analyses were underpowered and this limits the overall completeness of evidence. In general, based on the results of the current review, the possible role of antidepressants and benzodiazepines should be assessed by the clinician on an individual basis. The choice of which antidepressant and/or benzodiazepine is prescribed can not be made on the basis of this review only, and should be based on evidence of antidepressants and benzodiazepines efficacy and tolerability, including data from placebo-controlled studies, as a whole. Data on long-term tolerability issues associated with antidepressants and benzodiazepines exposure should also be carefully considered.The present review highlights the need for further higher-quality studies comparing antidepressants with benzodiazepines, which should be conducted with high-methodological standards and including pragmatic outcome measures to provide clinicians with useful and practical data. Data from the present review will be included in a network meta-analysis of psychopharmacological treatment in panic disorder, which will hopefully provide further useful information on this issue.

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Conflict of interest statement

IB: none

CT: none

MC: none

AC is supported by the NIHR Oxford Cognitive Health Clinical Research Facility and was expert witness for Accord Healthcare for a patent issue about quetiapine extended release.

FG: none

TAF has received lecture fees from Eli Lilly, Meiji, Mochida, MSD, Otsuka, Pfizer and Tanabe‐Mitsubishi, and consultancy fees from Sekisui Chemicals and Takeda Science Foundation. He has received royalties from Igaku‐Shoin, Seiwa‐Shoten and Nihon Bunka Kagaku‐sha publishers. He has received grant or research support from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the Japan Foundation for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Mochida and Tanabe‐Mitsubishi. He is a diplomate of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy.

GG: none

MK: none

CB: none.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, outcome: 1.1 Failure to respond.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, outcome: 1.2 Total number of dropouts.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 3 Failure to remit.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 4 Panic symptoms ‐ endpoint score.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 5 Panic symptoms ‐ mean change.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 6 Frequency of panic attacks.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 7 Agoraphobia.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 8 General anxiety.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 9 Depression.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 10 Social functioning.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 14 Number of dropouts due to adverse effects.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 15 Number of patients experiencing at least one adverse effect.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 3 Failure to remit.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 4 Panic symptoms ‐ endpoint score.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 5 Panic symptoms ‐ mean change.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 6 Frequency of panic attacks.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 7 Agoraphobia.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 8 General anxiety.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 9 Depression.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 10 Social functioning.
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 14 Number of dropouts due to adverse effects.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 SSRIs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 SSRIs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 SSRIs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 3 Failure to remit.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 SSRIs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 4 Panic symptoms.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 SSRIs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 5 Frequency of panic attacks.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 SSRIs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 6 Agoraphobia.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 SSRIs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 7 General anxiety.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 SSRIs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 8 Depression.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 SSRIs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 9 Social functioning.
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3 SSRIs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 13 Number of dropouts due to adverse effects.
3.14
3.14. Analysis
Comparison 3 SSRIs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 14 Number of patients experiencing at least one adverse effect.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 3 Failure to remit.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 4 Panic symptoms.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 5 Frequency of panic attacks.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 6 Agoraphobia.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 7 General anxiety ‐ endpoint score.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 8 General anxiety ‐ mean change.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 9 Depression ‐ endpoint score.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 10 Depression ‐ mean change.
4.15
4.15. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 15 Number of dropouts due to adverse effects.
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4 TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 16 Number of patients experiencing at least one adverse effect.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 TCAs versus MAOIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 TCAs versus MAOIs, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 TCAs versus MAOIs, Outcome 4 Panic symptoms.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 TCAs versus MAOIs, Outcome 5 Frequency of panic attacks.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 TCAs versus MAOIs, Outcome 7 General anxiety.
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 TCAs versus MAOIs, Outcome 8 Depression.
5.13
5.13. Analysis
Comparison 5 TCAs versus MAOIs, Outcome 13 Number of dropouts due to adverse effects.
5.14
5.14. Analysis
Comparison 5 TCAs versus MAOIs, Outcome 14 Number of patients experiencing at least one adverse effect.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 SSRIs versus MAOIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 SSRIs versus MAOIs, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 SSRIs versus MAOIs, Outcome 3 Failure to remit.
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 SSRIs versus MAOIs, Outcome 6 Agoraphobia.
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6 SSRIs versus MAOIs, Outcome 7 General anxiety.
6.13
6.13. Analysis
Comparison 6 SSRIs versus MAOIs, Outcome 13 Number of dropouts due to adverse effects.
6.14
6.14. Analysis
Comparison 6 SSRIs versus MAOIs, Outcome 14 Number of patients experiencing at least one adverse effect.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 SSRIs versus SNRIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 SSRIs versus SNRIs, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 SSRIs versus SNRIs, Outcome 3 Failure to remit.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 SSRIs versus SNRIs, Outcome 4 Panic symptoms.
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7 SSRIs versus SNRIs, Outcome 6 Agoraphobia.
7.7
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7 SSRIs versus SNRIs, Outcome 7 General anxiety.
7.9
7.9. Analysis
Comparison 7 SSRIs versus SNRIs, Outcome 9 Social functioning.
7.10
7.10. Analysis
Comparison 7 SSRIs versus SNRIs, Outcome 10 Quality of life.
7.13
7.13. Analysis
Comparison 7 SSRIs versus SNRIs, Outcome 13 Number of dropouts due to adverse effects.
7.14
7.14. Analysis
Comparison 7 SSRIs versus SNRIs, Outcome 14 Number of patients experiencing at least one adverse effect.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 SSRIs versus NaSSAs, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 SSRIs versus NaSSAs, Outcome 4 Panic symptoms.
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8 SSRIs versus NaSSAs, Outcome 7 General anxiety.
8.13
8.13. Analysis
Comparison 8 SSRIs versus NaSSAs, Outcome 13 Number of dropouts due to adverse effects.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 SSRIs versus Other Antidepressants, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 SSRIs versus Other Antidepressants, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 SSRIs versus Other Antidepressants, Outcome 6 Agoraphobia.
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9 SSRIs versus Other Antidepressants, Outcome 7 General anxiety.
9.8
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 SSRIs versus Other Antidepressants, Outcome 8 Depression.
9.13
9.13. Analysis
Comparison 9 SSRIs versus Other Antidepressants, Outcome 13 Number of dropouts due to adverse effects.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Individual Antidepressants versus another antidepressant within the same class, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Individual Antidepressants versus another antidepressant within the same class, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Individual Antidepressants versus another antidepressant within the same class, Outcome 3 Failure to remit.
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 Individual Antidepressants versus another antidepressant within the same class, Outcome 4 Panic symptoms.
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10 Individual Antidepressants versus another antidepressant within the same class, Outcome 5 Frequency of panic attacks.
10.6
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10 Individual Antidepressants versus another antidepressant within the same class, Outcome 6 Agoraphobia.
10.7
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10 Individual Antidepressants versus another antidepressant within the same class, Outcome 7 General anxiety.
10.8
10.8. Analysis
Comparison 10 Individual Antidepressants versus another antidepressant within the same class, Outcome 8 Depression.
10.10
10.10. Analysis
Comparison 10 Individual Antidepressants versus another antidepressant within the same class, Outcome 10 Quality of life.
10.13
10.13. Analysis
Comparison 10 Individual Antidepressants versus another antidepressant within the same class, Outcome 13 Number of dropouts due to adverse effects.
10.14
10.14. Analysis
Comparison 10 Individual Antidepressants versus another antidepressant within the same class, Outcome 14 Number of patients experiencing at least one adverse effect.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Individual benzodiazepines versus another benzodiazepine, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Individual benzodiazepines versus another benzodiazepine, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Individual benzodiazepines versus another benzodiazepine, Outcome 3 Failure to remit.
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Individual benzodiazepines versus another benzodiazepine, Outcome 4 Panic symptoms.
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 Individual benzodiazepines versus another benzodiazepine, Outcome 5 Frequency of panic attacks.
11.7
11.7. Analysis
Comparison 11 Individual benzodiazepines versus another benzodiazepine, Outcome 7 General anxiety.
11.8
11.8. Analysis
Comparison 11 Individual benzodiazepines versus another benzodiazepine, Outcome 8 Depression.
11.9
11.9. Analysis
Comparison 11 Individual benzodiazepines versus another benzodiazepine, Outcome 9 Social functioning.
11.10
11.10. Analysis
Comparison 11 Individual benzodiazepines versus another benzodiazepine, Outcome 10 Quality of life.
11.13
11.13. Analysis
Comparison 11 Individual benzodiazepines versus another benzodiazepine, Outcome 13 Number of dropouts due to adverse effects.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 High risk of bias excluded ‐ Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Total number of dropouts.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 High risk of bias excluded ‐ TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Total number of dropouts.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 High risk of bias excluded ‐ TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 1 Total number of dropouts.
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 High risk of bias excluded ‐ TCAs versus MAOIs, Outcome 1 Total number of dropouts.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 High risk of bias excluded ‐ SSRIs versus MAOIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 High dropout rates excluded ‐ Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Total number of dropouts.
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 High dropout rates excluded ‐ TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Total number of dropouts.
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 High dropout rates excluded ‐ TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19 High dropout rates excluded ‐ TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20 Funded excluded ‐ Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Total number of dropouts.
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21 Funded excluded ‐ TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Total number of dropouts.
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22 Funded excluded ‐ TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
22.2
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22 Funded excluded ‐ TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23 Funded excluded ‐ SSRIs versus MAOIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
24.1
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24 Psychiatric comorbidities excluded ‐ Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
24.2
24.2. Analysis
Comparison 24 Psychiatric comorbidities excluded ‐ Antidepressants versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
25.1
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25 Psychiatric comorbidities excluded ‐ TCAs versus benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Total number of dropouts.
26.1
26.1. Analysis
Comparison 26 Psychiatric comorbidities excluded ‐ TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
26.2
26.2. Analysis
Comparison 26 Psychiatric comorbidities excluded ‐ TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
27.1
27.1. Analysis
Comparison 27 Psychiatric comorbidities excluded ‐ Individual antidepressants versus individual antidepressants (within the same class), Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
27.2
27.2. Analysis
Comparison 27 Psychiatric comorbidities excluded ‐ Individual antidepressants versus individual antidepressants (within the same class), Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
28.1
28.1. Analysis
Comparison 28 Psychiatric comorbidities excluded ‐ Individual benzodiazepines versus individual benzodiazepines, Outcome 1 Total number of dropouts.
29.1
29.1. Analysis
Comparison 29 Imputation excluded ‐ TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
29.2
29.2. Analysis
Comparison 29 Imputation excluded ‐ TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
30.1
30.1. Analysis
Comparison 30 Imputation excluded ‐ Individual antidepressants versus individual antidepressants (within the same class), Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
30.2
30.2. Analysis
Comparison 30 Imputation excluded ‐ Individual antidepressants versus individual antidepressants (within the same class), Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
31.1
31.1. Analysis
Comparison 31 Irregular benzodiazepines use excluded ‐ TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
31.2
31.2. Analysis
Comparison 31 Irregular benzodiazepines use excluded ‐ TCAs versus SSRIs, Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
32.1
32.1. Analysis
Comparison 32 Irregular benzodiazepines use excluded ‐ SSRIs versus MAOIs, Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
33.1
33.1. Analysis
Comparison 33 Irregular benzodiazepines use excluded ‐ Individual antidepressants versus individual antidepressants (within the same class), Outcome 1 Failure to respond.
33.2
33.2. Analysis
Comparison 33 Irregular benzodiazepines use excluded ‐ Individual antidepressants versus individual antidepressants (within the same class), Outcome 2 Total number of dropouts.
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Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011567

References

References to studies included in this review

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GSK‐29060/1 {unpublished data only}
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GSK‐29060/525 {unpublished data only}
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Lepola 1990 {published data only}
    1. Lepola U, Heikkinen H, Rimon R, Riekkinen P. Clinical evaluation of alprazolam in patients with panic disorder; a double‐blind comparison with imipramine. Human Psychopharmacology 1990;5:159‐63.
    1. Rimon R. Spectral electroencephalogram and clinical follow‐up during alprazolam and imipramine treatment in panic disorder. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 1998;52(3):245‐9.
Meco 1989 {published data only}
    1. Meco G, Capriani C, Bonifati U. Etizolam: a new therapeutic possibility in the treatment of panic disorder. Advances in Therapy 1989;6(4):196‐206.
Nair 1996 {published data only}
    1. Bakish D, Hooper CL, Filteau MJ, Charbonneau Y, Fraser G, West DL, et al. A double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial comparing fluvoxamine and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1996;32(1):135‐41. - PubMed
    1. Nair NP, Bakish D, Saxena B, Amin M, Schwartz G, West TE. Comparison of fluvoxamine, imipramine, and placebo in the treatment of outpatients with panic disorder. Anxiety 1996;2(4):192‐8. - PubMed
Noyes 1996 {published data only}
    1. Coryell W, Noyes R Jr, Schlechte J. The significance of HPA axis disturbance in panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry 1989;25(8):989‐1002. - PubMed
    1. Lopez AL, Kathol RG, Noyes R Jr. Reduction in urinary free cortisol during benzodiazepine treatment of panic disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1990;15(1):23‐8. - PubMed
    1. Noyes R Jr, Burrows GD, Reich JH, Judd FK, Garvey MJ, Norman TR, et al. Diazepam versus alprazolam for the treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1996;57(8):349‐55. - PubMed
    1. Noyes R Jr, Garvey MJ, Cook B, Suelzer M. Controlled discontinuation of benzodiazepine treatment for patients with panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1991;148(4):517‐23. - PubMed
Pfizer 2008 {unpublished data only}
    1. Pfizer. A randomized, double‐blind, multicenter study of sertraline compared with paroxetine In the treatment of panic disorder. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00677352 2008.
Pollack 2007a {published data only}
    1. Pollack M, Mangano R, Entsuah R, Tzanis E, Simon NM. A randomized controlled trial of venlafaxine ER and paroxetine in the treatment of outpatients with panic disorder. Psychopharmacology 2007;194:233‐42. - PubMed
    1. Pollack M, Whitaker T, Mangano R, Gao B. A comparison of venlafaxine XR and paroxetine in the treatment of outpatients with panic disorder. ACNP 2004 Annual Meeting S201‐S202.
Pollack 2007b {published data only}
    1. Pollack MH, Lepola U, Koponen H, Simon NM, Worthington JJ, Emilien G, et al. A double‐blind study of the efficacy of venlafaxine extended‐release, paroxetine and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Depression and Anxiety 2007;24:1‐14. - PubMed
Ribeiro 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ribeiro L, Busnello JV, Kauer‐Sant'Anna M, Madruga M, Quevedo J, Busnello EAD, et al. Mirtazapine versus fluoxetine in the treatment of panic disorder. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2001;34:1303‐7. - PubMed
Sasson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Sasson Y, Iancu I, Fux M, Taub M, Dannon P, Zohar J. A double‐blind crossover comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of panic disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;9:191‐6. - PubMed
Schweizer 1993 {published data only}
    1. Rickels K, Schweizer E. Panic disorder: Long‐term pharmacotherapy and discontinuation. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1998;18(6 Suppl 2):12‐8. - PubMed
    1. Rickels K, Schweizer E, Weiss S, Zavodnick S. Maintenance drug treatment for panic disorder. II. Short‐ and long‐term outcome after drug taper. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993;50:61‐8. - PubMed
    1. Schweizer E, Rickels K, Weiss S, Zavodnick S. Maintenance drug treatment of panic disorder. I. Results of a prospective, placebo‐controlled comparison of alprazolam and imipramine. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993;50:51‐60. - PubMed
Sheikh 1999 {published data only}
    1. Sheikh JI, Swales PJ. Treatment of panic disorder in older adults: a pilot study comparison of alprazolam, imipramine, and placebo. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 1999;29(1):107‐17. - PubMed
Stahl 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bandelow B, Stein DJ, Dolberg OT, Andersen HF, Baldwin DS. Improvement of quality of life in panic disorder with escitalopram, citalopram, or placebo. Pharmacopsychiatry 2007;40:152‐6. - PubMed
    1. Forest Laboratories. Flexible‐dose comparison of the safety and efficacy of Lu 26‐054 (escitalopram), citalopram and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Forest Laboratories Clinical Study Register [www.forestclinicaltrials.com].
    1. Stahl S, Gergel I, Li D. Escitalopram in the treatment of panic disorder: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2003;64:1322‐7. - PubMed
Taylor 1990 {published data only}
    1. Clark DB, Taylor CB, Roth WT, Hayward C, Ehlers A, Margraf J, et al. Surreptitious drug use by patients in a panic disorder study. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990;147(4):507‐9. - PubMed
    1. Margraf J, Ehlers A, Roth WT, Clark DB, Sheikh J, Agras WS, et al. How "blind" are double‐blind studies?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1991;59(1):184‐7. - PubMed
    1. Taylor CB, Hayward C, King R, Ehlers A, Margraf J, Maddock R, et al. Cardiovascular and symptomatic reduction effects of alprazolam and imipramine in patients with panic disorder: results of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1990;10(2):112‐8. - PubMed
Tesar 1991 {published data only}
    1. Fava M, Rosenbaum JF, MacLaughlin RA, Tesar GE, Pollack MH, Cohen LS, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate/cortisol ratio in panic disorder. Psychiatry Research 1989;28(3):345‐50. - PubMed
    1. Labbate LA, Pollack MH, Otto MW, Tesar GM, Rosenbaum JF. The relationship of alprazolam and clonazepam dose to steady‐state concentration in plasma. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1994;14(4):274‐6. - PubMed
    1. Pollack MH, Otto MW, Tesar GE, Cohen LS, Meltzer‐Brody S, Rosenbaum JF. Long‐term outcome after acute treatment with alprazolam or clonazepam for panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1993;13(4):257‐63. - PubMed
    1. Tesar GE, Rosenbaum JF, Pollack MH, Herman JB, Sachs GS, Mahoney EM, et al. Clonazepam versus alprazolam in the treatment of panic disorder: interim analysis of data from a prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1987;48(Suppl 10):16‐21. - PubMed
    1. Tesar GE, Rosenbaum JF, Pollack MH, Otto MW, Sachs GS, Herman JB, et al. Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled comparison of clonazepam and alprazolam for panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1991;52(2):69‐76. - PubMed
Tiller 1999 {published data only}
    1. Tiller JWG, Bouwer C, Behnke K. Moclobemide and fluoxetine for panic disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1999;249(Suppl1):S7‐S10. - PubMed
Uhlenhuth 1989 {published data only}
    1. Uhlenhuth EH, Matuzas W, Glass RM, Easton C. Response of panic disorder to fixed doses of alprazolam or imipramine. Journal of Affective Disorders 1989;17(3):261‐70. - PubMed
Van Vliet 1996 {published data only}
    1. Slaap BR, Vliet IM, Westenberg HGM, Boer JA. Phobic symptoms as predictors of nonresponse to drug therapy in panic disorder patients (a preliminary report). Journal of Affective Disorders 1995;33(1):31‐8. - PubMed
    1. Vliet IM, Boer JA, Westenberg HGM, Slaap BR. A double‐blind comparative study of brofaromine and fluvoxamine in outpatients with panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1996;16(4):299‐306. - PubMed
Wade 1997 {published data only}
    1. Leinonen E, Lepola U, Koponen H, Turtonen J, Wade A, Lehto H. Citalopram controls phobic symptoms in patients with panic disorder: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 2000;25(1):24‐32. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lepola U, Wade AG, Leinonen EV, Koponen HJ, Frazer J, Sjoedin I, et al. A controlled, prospective, 1‐year trial of citalopram in the treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1998;59:528‐34. - PubMed
    1. Wade A, Overe KF, Lemming O. Weight monitoring during two long‐term trials of citalopram. European Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;9 Suppl 5:S221.
    1. Wade AG, Lepola U, Koponen HJ, Pedersen V, Pedersen T. The effect of citalopram in panic disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997;170:549‐53. - PubMed
Westenberg 1989 {published data only}
    1. Westenberg HG, Boer JA. Selective monoamine uptake inhibitors and a serotonin antagonist in the treatment of panic disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1989;25(1):119‐23. - PubMed
Zhang 2000 {published data only}
    1. Zhang HY, Zhao QP, Ma C. Paroxetine versus clomipramine for the treatment of panic disorders: a double‐blind randomised study. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2000;14(6):410‐3.

References to studies excluded from this review

Bakish 1994 {published data only}
    1. Bakish D. The use of the reversible monoamine oxidase‐A inhibitor brofaromine in social phobia complicated by panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1994;14(1):74‐5. - PubMed
Baldini Rossi 2000 {published data only}
    1. Baldini Rossi NA, Cassano PA, Dell'Osso LA, Ciapparelli AA, Bandettini di Poggio AA, Russo AA, et al. Depression comorbid with panic disorder or other anxiety disorders: a 16‐week multicentre randomised parallel‐group trial of moclobemide versus paroxetine. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;10(Suppl 2):S52‐S53.
Balon 1991 {published data only}
    1. Balon R, Pohl R, Yeragani VK, Ramesh C, Glitz DA. The changes of thyroid hormone during pharmacological treatment of panic disorder patients. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1991;15(5):595‐600. - PubMed
Balon 1993 {published data only}
    1. Balon R, Yeragani VK, Pohl R, Merlos B, Sherwood P. Changes in appetite and weight during the pharmacological treatment of patients with panic disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1993;38(1):19‐22. - PubMed
Bystritsky 1990 {published data only}
    1. Bystritsky AA, Pasnau RO. Initial reaction and subsequent response to antidepressants in panic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990;147(11):1575. - PubMed
Charney 1986 {published data only}
    1. Charney DS, Woods SW, Goodman WK, Rifkin B, Kinch M, Aiken B, et al. Drug treatment of panic disorder: the comparative efficacy of imipramine, alprazolam, and trazodone. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1986;47(12):580‐6. - PubMed
Davis 1981 {published data only}
    1. Davis JM, Nasr S, Spira N, Vogel C. Anxiety: differential diagnosis and treatment from a biologic perspective. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1981;42(11 pt 2):4‐14. - PubMed
de Jonghe 1989 {published data only}
    1. Jonghe F, Swinkels J, Tuynman‐Qua H, Jonkers F. A comparative study of suriclone, lorazepam and placebo in anxiety disorder. Pharmacopsychiatry 1989;22(6):266‐71. - PubMed
Dell'Erba 2006 {published data only}
    1. Dell'Erba GL, Nuzzo E. Effectiveness treatment for panic and agoraphobia in comparison between drug and specialized psychological treatment [Il trattamento efficace nella pratica del disturbo di panico e agorafobia in una valutazione comparativa tra psicofarmacologia e trattamento psicologico specifico]. Rivista di Psichiatria 2006;41(6):397‐403.
den Boer 1987 {published data only}
    1. Boer JA, Westenberg HG, Kamerbeek WD, Verhoeven WM, Kahn RS. Effect of serotonin uptake inhibitors in anxiety disorders; a double‐blind comparison of clomipramine and fluvoxamine. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1987;2(1):21‐32. - PubMed
Dunner 1986 {published data only}
    1. Dunner DL, Ishiki D, Avery DH, Wilson LG, Hyde TS. Effect of alprazolam and diazepam on anxiety and panic attacks in panic disorder: a controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1986;47(9):458‐60. - PubMed
Dyukova 1992 {published data only}
    1. Dyukova GM, Shepeleva IP, Vorob'eva OV. Treatment of negative crises (panic attacks). Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 1992;22(4):343‐5. - PubMed
Evans 1986 {published data only}
    1. Evans L, Kenardy J, Schneider P, Hoey H. Effect of a selective serotonin uptake inhibitor in agoraphobia with panic attacks. A double‐blind comparison of zimeldine, imipramine and placebo. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1986;73(1):49‐53. - PubMed
Fahy 1992 {published data only}
    1. Fahy TJ, O'Rourke D, Brophy J, Schazmann W, Sciascia S. Clomipramine and lofepramine in DSM III‐R panic disorder: a placebo controlled trial. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1992;15(1 pt B):94. - PubMed
    1. Fahy TJ, O'Rourke D, Brophy J, Schazmann W, Sciascia S. The Galway Study of Panic Disorder. I: Clomipramine and lofepramine in DSM III‐R panic disorder: a placebo controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 1992;25(1):63‐75. - PubMed
Franulic 1989 {published data only}
    1. Franulic AM, Sanchez GV, O'Ryan FG, Gladic DM, Barahona MC, Gloger SK. Clomipramine and diazepam plasma levels in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Preliminary findings [Concentraciones plasmaticas de clomipramina y diazepam en Desorden de Panico y Agoraphobia. Un estudio preliminar]. Revista Chilena de Neuro‐Psiquiatria 1989;27:101‐10.
Furukawa 2009 {published data only}
    1. Furukawa TA, Katherine Shear M, Barlow DH, Gorman JM, Woods SW, Money R, et al. Evidence‐based guidelines for interpretation of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale. Depression and Anxiety 2009;26(10):922‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Grilo 1998 {published data only}
    1. Grilo CM, Money R, Barlow DH, Goddard AW, Gorman JM, Hofmann SG, et al. Pretreatment patient factors predicting attrition from a multicenter randomized controlled treatment study for panic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1998;39(6):323‐32. - PubMed
Keller 1993 {published data only}
    1. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Goldenberg IM, Baker LA, Pollack MH, Sachs GS, et al. Influence of depression on the treatment of panic disorder with imipramine, alprazolam and placebo. Journal of Affective Disorders 1993;28(1):27‐38. - PubMed
    1. Leon AC, Shear MK, Portera L, Klerman GL. Effect size as a measure of symptom‐specific drug change in clinical trials. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1993;29(2):163‐7. - PubMed
    1. Pollack MH, Otto MW, Sachs GS, Leon A, Shear MK, Deltito JA, et al. Anxiety psychopathology predictive of outcome in patients with panic disorder and depression treated with imipramine, alprazolam and placebo. Journal of Affective Disorders 1994;30(4):273‐81. - PubMed
    1. Shear MK, Leon AC, Pollack MH, Rosenbaum JF, Keller MB. Pattern of placebo response in panic disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1995;31(2):273‐8. - PubMed
Lepola 1989 {published data only}
    1. Lepola U, Jolkkonen J, Rimón R, Riekkinen P. Long‐term effects of alprazolam and imipramine on cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and neuropeptides in panic disorder. Neuropsychobiology 1989;21(4):182‐6. - PubMed
Mavissakalian 2003 {published data only}
    1. Mavissakalian MR. Imipramine vs. sertraline in panic disorder: 24‐week treatment completers. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 2003;15(3):171‐80. - PubMed
McHugh 2007 {published data only}
    1. McHugh RK, Otto MW, Barlow DH, Gorman JM, Shear MK, Woods SW. Cost‐efficacy of individual and combined treatments for panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2007;68(7):1038‐44. - PubMed
Miretzky 1992 {published data only}
    1. Miretzky A, Horn R, Koehler K, Moeller HJ. Combination of alprazolam, antidepressive drugs and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of panic disorder. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1992;15(1 pt B):536.
Nair 1982 {published data only}
    1. Nair NP, Singh AN, Lapierre Y, Saxena BM, Nestoros JN, Schwartz G. Ketazolam in the treatment of anxiety: a standard and placebo controlled study. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental 1982;31(5):679‐91.
Nardi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Nardi AE, Freire RC, Mochcovitch MD, Amrein R, Levitan MN, King AL, et al. A randomized, naturalistic, parallel‐group study for the long‐term treatment of panic disorder with clonazepam or paroxetine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2012;32(1):120‐6. - PubMed
    1. Nardi AE, Valença AM, Freire RC, Amrein R, Sardinha A, Levitan MN, et al. Randomized, open naturalistic, acute treatment of panic disorder with clonazepam or paroxetine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2011;31(2):259‐61. - PubMed
    1. Nardi AE, Valença AM, Freire RC, Mochcovitch MD, Amrein R, Sardinha A, et al. Psychopharmacotherapy of panic disorder: 8‐week randomized trial with clonazepam and paroxetine. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2011;44(4):366‐73. - PubMed
Pareek 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ipca Laboratories Ltd. Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Clonazepam‐CR and Conventional Clonazepam in Patients with Panic Disorder. http://www.ctri.nic.in.
Pfizer 2002 {unpublished data only}
    1. Pfizer. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group comparison of venlafaxine extended‐release capsules and paroxetine in outpatients with panic disorder. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00044772 2002.
Pfizer 2005 {unpublished data only}
    1. Pfizer. Pilot study of venlafaxine extended release (XR) in the treatment of panic disorder (PD) in comparison to paroxetine. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00195598 2005.
Pohl 1989 {published data only}
    1. Pohl R, Rickels K, Charney D. Clinical results on the use of lorazepam to treat panic attacks [Risultati clinici sull'uso del lorazepam nel disturbo da attacchi di panico]. Rivista di Psichiatria 1989;24(2):99‐100.
    1. Schweizer E, Fox I, Case G, Rickels K. Lorazepam vs. alprazolam in the treatment of panic disorder. Psychopharmacol Bulletin 1988;24(2):224‐7. - PubMed
    1. Schweizer E, Pohl R, Balon R, Fox I, Rickels K, Yeragani VK. Lorazepam vs. alprazolam in the treatment of panic disorder. Pharmacopsychiatry 1990;23(2):90‐3. - PubMed
Pollack 2003 {published data only}
    1. Pollack MH, Simon NM, Worthington JJ, Doyle AL, Peters P, Toshkov F, et al. Combined paroxetine and clonazepam treatment strategies compared to paroxetine monotherapy for panic disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2003;17(3):276‐82. - PubMed
Pyke 1989 {published data only}
    1. Pyke RE, Greenberg HS. Double‐blind comparison of alprazolam and adinazolam for panic and phobic disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1989;9(1):15‐21. - PubMed
Raffaele 2002 {published data only}
    1. Raffaele R, Vecchio I, Malaguarnera M, Rampello L, Ruggieri M, Nicoletti F. Therapy of panic attacks in the elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Supplement 2002;8:295‐301. - PubMed
Roll 2004 {published data only}
    1. Roll D, Ray SE, Marcus SM, Passarelli V, Money R, Barlow DH, et al. Independent evaluator knowledge of treatment in a multicenter comparative treatment study of panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29(3):612‐8. - PubMed
Roy‐Byrne 2001 {published data only}
    1. Roy‐Byrne PP, Katon W, Cowley DS, Russo J. A randomized effectiveness trial of collaborative care for patients with panic disorder in primary care. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001;58(9):869‐76. - PubMed
Sheehan 1980 {published data only}
    1. Sheehan DV, Ballenger J, Jacobsen G. Treatment of endogenous anxiety with phobic, hysterical, and hypochondriacal symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry 1980;37(1):51‐9. - PubMed
Surman 1986 {published data only}
    1. Surman OS, Williams J, Sheehan DV, Strom TB, Jones KJ, Coleman J. Immunological response to stress in agoraphobia and panic attacks. Biological Psychiatry 1986;21(8‐9):768‐74. - PubMed
Svebak 1990 {published data only}
    1. Svebak S, Cameron A, Levander S. Clonazepam and imipramine in the treatment of panic attacks: a double‐blind comparison of efficacy and side effects. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1990;51(Suppl 5):14‐17. - PubMed
Tsutsui 2000 {published data only}
    1. Tsutsui S. Clinical evaluation of paroxetine HCl, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in the treatment of panic disorder: Phase III double‐blind, parallel group study [選択的セロト．ニン再取り込み阻害薬塩酸パロキセチンのパニック障害 対する臨床評価]. Japanese Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2000;28(Suppl 1):S295‐S314.
Tyrer 1988 {published data only}
    1. Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Ferguson B, Murphy S, Darling C, Brothwell J, et al. The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: relationship between personality status and symptoms. Psychological Medicine 1990;20(2):423‐31. - PubMed
    1. Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Ferguson B, Murphy S, Johnson AL. The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder. Effect of personality status on response to drug treatment, cognitive therapy and self‐help over two years. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993;162:219‐26. - PubMed
    1. Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Murphy S, Ferguson B, Kingdon D, Barczak P, et al. The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder: comparison of drug and psychological treatments. Lancet 1988;2(8605):235‐40. - PubMed
van Apeldoorn 2008 {published data only}
    1. Apeldoorn FJ, Hout WJ, Mersch PP, Huisman M, Slaap BR, Hale WW 3rd, et al. Is a combined therapy more effective than either CBT or SSRI alone? Results of a multicenter trial on panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2008;117(4):260‐70. - PubMed
Yang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Yang H, Yu C, Gao H. The control study of mirtazapine in treating patients with panic disorder. Medical Journal of Chinese People Health 2005;17(3):133‐5.
Yang 2006 {published data only}
    1. Yang H, Gao H, Yu C. Effect of citalopram in the treatment of panic disorder. Shandong Archives of Psychiatry 2006;19(2):186‐7.
Yeragani 1992 {published data only}
    1. Yeragani VK, Pohl R, Balon R, Ramesh C, Weinberg P. Imipramine‐induced jitteriness and decreased serum iron levels. Neuropsychobiology 1992;25(1):8‐10. - PubMed
Zajecka 1996 {published data only}
    1. Zajecka JM. The effect of nefazodone on comorbid anxiety symptoms associated with depression: experience in family practice and psychiatric outpatient settings. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1996;57(Suppl 2):10‐4. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Minutentag 2001 {published data only}
    1. Minutentag NW, Bernik MA. Comparative study of citalopram and imipramine in the treatment of panic disorder [Estudo comparativo entre o citalopram e a imiprimina no tratamento do transtorno de panico]. Revista de Psiquiatria Clinica 2001;28(2):44‐51.

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