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. 2016 Jun 11;7(2):e30668.
doi: 10.5812/asjsm.30668. eCollection 2016 Jun.

Smartphone and Universal Goniometer for Measurement of Elbow Joint Motions: A Comparative Study

Behnam Behnoush  1 , Nasim Tavakoli  2 , Elham Bazmi  3 , Fariborz Nateghi Fard  3 , Mohammad Hossein Pourgharib Shahi  4 , Arash Okazi  1 , Tahmineh Mokhtari  1
Affiliations

Smartphone and Universal Goniometer for Measurement of Elbow Joint Motions: A Comparative Study

Behnam Behnoush et al. Asian J Sports Med. .

Abstract

Background: Universal goniometer (UG) is commonly used as a standard method to evaluate range of motion (ROM) as part of joint motions. It has some restrictions, such as involvement of both hands of the physician, leads to instability of hands and error. Nowadays smartphones usage has been increasing due to its easy application.

Objectives: The study was designed to compare the smartphone inclinometer-based app and UG in evaluation of ROM of elbow.

Materials and methods: The maximum ROM of elbow in position of flexion and pronation and supination of forearm were examined in 60 healthy volunteers with UG and smartphone. Data were analyzed using SPSS (ver. 16) software and appropriate statistical tests were applied, such as paired t-test, ICC and Bland Altman curves.

Results: The results of this study showed high reliability and validity of smartphone in regarding UG with ICC > 0.95. The highest reliability for both methods was in elbow supination and the lowest was in the elbow flexion (0.84).

Conclusions: Smartphones due to ease of access and usage for the physician and the patient, may be good alternatives for UG.

Keywords: Elbow Joint; Goniometry; Range of Motion; Smartphone.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Instruments
A, Smartphone (HTC) with Android operating system and equipped with Bubble software; B, The plastic goniometer with 360° conveyor (1° accuracy, European Product).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. The Agreement of the Elbow
A, flexion, agreement for flexion elbow measurement. 4.60 = 6.679 (outside the limits of agreement. Mean difference -0.408. 95% limits of agreement (-3.856. 3.040). 95% limits of difference (-0.862, 0.046). Averages lies between 128.250 and 139.083. Points outside limits labled by smart phone; B, pronation, agreement for pronation elbow measurements. 5.60 = 8.3% outside limits of agreement. Mean difference: -0.408. 95% limits of agreement (-5.775. 4.959).95% limits of difference (-1.115, 0.299). Averages lie between 57.500 and 79.000; C, supination measurement by goniometer as a standard method and smartphone. Agreement for supination elbow measurements. 4.60 = 6.67% outside the limits of agreement. Mean difference: -0.400, 95% limits of agreements: (-5.989. 5.189). 95%limits of difference: (-1.136. 0.336). Averages lie between 53.500 and 78.167.
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