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Meta-Analysis
. 2016 Sep 21;9(9):CD005001.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005001.pub3.

Exercise for women receiving adjuvant therapy for breast cancer

Anna C Furmaniak  1 , Matthias Menig, Martina H Markes
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Exercise for women receiving adjuvant therapy for breast cancer

Anna C Furmaniak et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: A huge clinical research database on adjuvant cancer treatment has verified improvements in breast cancer outcomes such as recurrence and mortality rates. On the other hand, adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy with chemotherapy and radiotherapy impacts on quality of life due to substantial short- and long-term side effects. A number of studies have evaluated the effect of exercise interventions on those side effects. This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in 2006. The original review identified some benefits of physical activity on physical fitness and the resulting capacity for performing activities of daily life. It also identified a lack of evidence for other outcomes, providing clear justification for an updated review.

Objectives: To assess the effect of aerobic or resistance exercise interventions during adjuvant treatment for breast cancer on treatment-related side effects such as physical deterioration, fatigue, diminished quality of life, depression, and cognitive dysfunction.

Search methods: We carried out an updated search in the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group Specialised Register (30 March 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Issue 2, 2015), MEDLINE (1966 to 30 March 2015), and EMBASE (1966 to 30 March 2015). We did not update the original searches in CINAHL (1982 to 2004), SPORTDiscus (1975 to 2004), PsycINFO (1872 to 2003), SIGLE (1880 to 2004), and ProQuest Digital Dissertations (1861 to 2004). We searched the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing trials on 30 March 2015. We screened references in relevant reviews and published clinical trials.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials that examined aerobic or resistance exercise or both in women undergoing adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Published and unpublished trials were eligible.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently performed data extraction, assessed trials, and graded the methodological quality using Cochrane's 'Risk of bias' tool. Any disagreements were resolved through discussion or by consulting the third review author. We entered data into Review Manager for analysis. For outcomes assessed with a variety of instruments, we used the standardised mean difference (SMD) as a summary statistic for meta-analysis; for those assessed with the same instrument, we used the mean difference (MD).

Main results: For this 2015 update we included a total of 32 studies with 2626 randomised women, 8 studies from the original search and 24 studies from the updated search. We found evidence that physical exercise during adjuvant treatment for breast cancer probably improves physical fitness (SMD 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 0.59; 15 studies; 1310 women; moderate-quality evidence) and slightly reduces fatigue (SMD -0.28, 95% CI -0.41 to -0.16; 19 studies; 1698 women; moderate-quality evidence). Exercise may lead to little or no improvement in health-related quality of life (MD 1.10, 95% CI -5.28 to 7.48; 1 study; 68 women; low-quality evidence), a slight improvement in cancer site-specific quality of life (MD 4.24, 95% CI -1.81 to 10.29; 4 studies; 262 women; low-quality evidence), and an improvement in cognitive function (MD -11.55, 95% CI -22.06 to -1.05; 2 studies; 213 women; low-quality evidence). Exercise probably leads to little or no difference in cancer-specific quality of life (SMD 0.12, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.25; 12 studies; 1012 women; moderate-quality evidence) and little or no difference in depression (SMD -0.15, 95% CI -0.30 to 0.01; 5 studies; 674 women; moderate-quality evidence). Evidence for other outcomes ranged from low to moderate quality. Seven trials reported a very small number of adverse events.

Authors' conclusions: Exercise during adjuvant treatment for breast cancer can be regarded as a supportive self care intervention that probably results in less fatigue, improved physical fitness, and little or no difference in cancer-specific quality of life and depression. Exercise may also slightly improve cancer site-specific quality of life and cognitive function, while it may result in little or no difference in health-related quality of life. This review is based on trials with a considerable degree of clinical heterogeneity regarding adjuvant cancer treatments and exercise interventions. Due to the difficulty of blinding exercise trials, all included trials were at high risk for performance bias. Furthermore, the majority of trials were at high risk for detection bias, largely due to most outcomes being self reported.The findings of the updated review have enabled us to make a more precise conclusion that both aerobic and resistance exercise can be regarded as beneficial for individuals with adjuvant therapy-related side effects. Further research is required to determine the optimal type, intensity, and timing of an exercise intervention. Furthermore, long-term evaluation is required due to possible long-term side effects of adjuvant treatment.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

ACF, MM, MHM: None known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Exercise versus control, outcome: 1.1 Physical fitness.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Exercise versus control, outcome: 1.2 Fatigue.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Exercise versus control, outcome: 1.3 Cancer‐specific quality of life.
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Exercise versus control, outcome: 1.6 Depression.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 1 Physical fitness.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 2 Fatigue.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 3 Cancer‐specific quality of life.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 4 Health‐related quality of life.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 5 Cancer site‐specific quality of life.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 6 Depression.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 7 Cognitive function.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 8 Strength.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 9 Subjective upper body function.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 10 Shoulder mobility.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 11 Arm morbidity.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 12 Anxiety.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 13 Mood disturbances.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 14 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 15 Self esteem.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 16 Physical activity.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 17 Neuropathic pain.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 18 Neuropathy symptoms.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 19 Endocrine symptoms.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 20 Gait and balance.
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control, Outcome 21 Lymphoedema incidence.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 1 Physical fitness.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 2 Fatigue.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 3 Cancer‐specific quality of life.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 4 Depression.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 5 Strength.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 6 Physical activity.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 7 Anxiety.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 8 Self esteem.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 9 Endocrine symptoms.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 10 Neuropathy symptoms.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 11 Gait and balance.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control follow‐up, Outcome 12 Lymphoedema incidence.
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References

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    1. Banerjee B, Vadiraj HS, Ram A, Rao R, Jayapal M, Gopinath KS, et al. Effects of an integrated yoga program in modulating psychological stress and radiation‐induced genotoxic stress in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Integrative Cancer Therapies 2007; Vol. 6, issue 3:242‐50. - PubMed
Basen 2006 {published data only}
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Baumann 2011 {published data only}
    1. Baumann FT, Drosselmeyer N, Leskaroski A, Knicker A, Krakowski‐Roosen H, Zopf EM, et al. 12‐week resistance training with breast cancer patients during chemotherapy: Effects on cognitive abilities. Breast Care 2011;6(2):142‐3.
Bower 2012 {published data only}
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Cantarero‐Villanueva 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Fernandez‐Lao C, Fernandez‐De‐Las‐Penas C, Lopez‐Barajas IB, Del‐Moral‐Avila R, la‐Llave‐Rincon AI, et al. Effectiveness of water physical therapy on pain, pressure pain sensitivity, and myofascial trigger points in breast cancer survivors: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Pain Medicine 2012;13(11):1509‐19. - PubMed
Cantarero‐Villanueva 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Fernandez‐Lao C, Cuesta‐Vargas AI, Moral‐Avila R, Fernandez‐De‐Las‐Penas C, Arroyo‐Morales M. The effectiveness of a deep water aquatic exercise program in cancer‐related fatigue in breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2013;94(2):221‐30. - PubMed
Carson 2009 {published data only}
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Charbonnier 2012 {published data only}
    1. Charbonnier J, Levy A, Guichard JB, Garet M, Auberdiac P, Roche F, et al. Establishment of a pilot study of awareness retraining in physical activity in two selected populations of patients with breast cancer [French] [Mise en place d'une étude pilote de sensibilisation au rëentraînement à l'activité physique dans deux populations sélectionnées atteintes d'un cancer du sein]. Bulletin du Cancer 2012;99(7‐8):753‐9. - PubMed
Chetiyawardana 2004 {published data only}
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Courneya 2003a {published data only}
    1. Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM, Sela RA, Quinney HA, Rhodes RE, Handman M. The group psychotherapy and home‐based physical exercise (group‐hope) trial in cancer survivors: physical fitness and quality of life outcomes. Psycho‐Oncology 2003;12(4):357‐74. - PubMed
Courneya 2003b {published data only}
    1. Courneya KS, Mackey JR, Bell GJ, Jones LW, Field CJ, Fairey AS. Randomized controlled trial of exercise training in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: cardiopulmonary and quality of life outcomes. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21(9):1660‐8. - PubMed
Courneya 2006 {published data only}
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Culos‐Reed 2006 {published data only}
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Danhauer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Danhauer SC, Mihalko SL, Russell GB, Campbell CR, Felder L, Daley K, et al. Restorative yoga for women with breast cancer: findings from a randomized pilot study. Psycho‐Oncology 2009;18(4):360‐8. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Demark‐Wahnefried W. Randomized study of a diet and exercise‐based counseling program versus a standard counseling program for patients with early‐stage breast or prostate cancer. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00044980?order=128 (accessed 8 May 2002). [Ref Type: Unpublished Work]
Demark‐Wahnefried 2003 {published data only}
    1. Demark‐Wahnefried W, Morey MC, Clipp EC, Pieper CF, Snyder DC, Sloane R, et al. Leading the way in exercise and diet (Project LEAD): intervening to improve function among older breast and prostate cancer survivors. Controlled Clinical Trials 2003;24(2):206‐23. - PubMed
Demark‐Wahnefried 2005 {published data only}
    1. Demark‐Wahnefried W, Morey MC, Clipp EC, Snyder DC, Sloane R, Pieper F, et al. Results of Project LEAD (Leading the Way in Exercise and Diet) ‐ A trial testing an intervention of telephone‐counseling and mailed materials in improving physical functioning among older breast and prostate cancer survivors. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2005;23(16 Suppl):763S.
Demark‐Wahnefried 2006 {published data only}
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Emami 2012 {published data only}
    1. Emami H, Rahnama N, Nuri R, Damirchi A, Rahmani‐Nia F, fshar‐Nejad T. Effect of combination exercise training on sex hormone binding globulin in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche 2012;171:633‐8.
Ergun 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ergun M, Eyigor S, Karaca B, Kisim A, Uslu R. Effects of exercise on angiogenesis and apoptosis‐related molecules, quality of life, fatigue and depression in breast cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer Care 2013;22(5):626‐37. - PubMed
Fairey 2003 {published data only}
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Fairey 2005 {published data only}
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Fairey 2005a {published data only}
    1. Fairey AS, Courneya KS, Field CJ, Bell GJ, Jones LW, Martin BS, et al. Effect of exercise training on C‐reactive protein in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2005;19(5):381‐8. - PubMed
Fernandez 2013 {published data only}
    1. Fernandez‐Lao C, Cantarero‐Villanueva I, Ariza‐Garcia A, Courtney C, Fernandez‐de‐las‐Penas C, Arroyo‐Morales M. Water versus land‐based multimodal exercise program effects on body composition in breast cancer survivors: A controlled clinical trial. Supportive Care in Cancer 2013;21:521‐30. - PubMed
Galantino 2010 {published data only}
    1. Galantino ML, Schmid P, Botis S, Dagan C, Leonard SM, Milos A. Exploring wellness coaching and traditional group support for breast cancer survivors: A pilot study. Rehabilitation Oncology 2010;28(1):19‐25.
Given 2002 {published data only}
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Gomez 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gómez AM, Martínez C, Fiuza‐Luces C, Herrero F, Pérez M, Madero L, et al. Exercise training and cytokines in breast cancer survivors. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2011;32(6):461‐7. - PubMed
Griffith 2009 {published data only}
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Hatchett 2013 {published data only}
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Huang 2014 {published data only}
    1. Huang HP, Wen FH, Tsai JC, Lin YC, Shun SC, Chang HK, et al. Adherence to prescribed exercise time and intensity declines as the exercise program proceeds: findings from women under treatment for breast cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer 2015;23(7):2061‐71. - PubMed
Irwin 2008 {published data only}
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Irwin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Irwin ML, Alvarez‐Reeves M, Cadmus L, Mierzejewski E, Mayne ST, Yu H, et al. Exercise improves body fat, lean mass, and bone mass in breast cancer survivors. Obesity 2009;17(8):1534‐41. - PMC - PubMed
Irwin 2009a {published data only}
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Janelsins 2011 {published data only}
    1. Janelsins MC, Davis PG, Wideman L, Katula JA, Sprod LK, Peppone LJ, et al. Effects of Tai Chi Chuan on insulin and cytokine levels in a randomized controlled pilot study on breast cancer survivors. Clinical Breast Cancer 2011;11(3):161‐70. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2006 {published data only}
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Kleine‐Tebbe 2006 {unpublished data only}
    1. Kleine‐Tebbe A. [Untersuchung zum Einfluss eines Bewegungstrainings auf die Leistungsfähigkeit, die Lebensqualität und den Immunstatus, sowie die Rezidivrate im Vergleich zu einem Entspannungsverfahren bei Frauen mit Mammakarzinom während der adjuvanten Chemotherapie] (Influence of exercise training vs. relaxation training on performance, quality of life, immune status and rate of recurrence in women with breast cancer during adjuvant chemotherapy)]. Personal communication February 2006 and September 2013.
Kohler 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kohler N, Damm F, Bauer K, Klee C, Rach S, Lintz D, et al. Supportive effects of moderate physical exercise during cytotoxic/endocrine treatment of breast cancer patients ‐ Results of a pilot study. Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 2008;68(8):805‐13.
Kovacic 2011 {published data only}
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Mamom 2012 {published data only}
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Martin 2013 {published data only}
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McKenzie 2003 {published data only}
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Mock 1994 {published data only}
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Mock 1997 {published data only}
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Mock 2001 {published data only}
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Mustian 2006 {published data only}
    1. Mustian KM, Morrow GR, Yates J, Gillies L, Boles C. A randomized controlled pilot of home‐based exercise (HBEX) versus standard care (SC) among breast cancer (BC) and prostate cancer (PC) patients receiving radiation therapy (RTH). Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006;24(18 Suppl):8504.
Pickett 2002 {published data only}
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Raghavendra 2007 {published data only}
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Rahnama 2010 {published data only}
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    1. So HS, Kim IS, Yoon JH, Park OJ. Effects of aerobic exercise using a flex‐band on physical functions & body image in women undergoing radiation therapy after a mastectomy. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe chi 2006; Vol. 36, issue 7:1111‐22. - PubMed
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Vallance 2007 {published data only}
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Vallance 2008 {published data only}
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Vallance 2008a {published data only}
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Vincent 2013 {published data only}
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Waltman 2010 {published data only}
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Wang 2010 {published data only}
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Wilkie 2003 {published data only}
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Yeh 2006 {published data only}
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Yuen 2007 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Lotzke 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lotzke D, Wiedemann F, Rodrigues Recchia D, Ostermann T, Sattler D, Ettl J, et al. Iyengar‐yoga compared to exercise as a therapeutic intervention during (neo)adjuvant therapy in women with stage I‐III breast cancer: health‐related quality of life, mindfulness, spirituality, life satisfaction, and cancer‐related fatigue. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016;2016:5931816. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wiedemann F, Buessing A, Halle M, Kiechle M, Kohls N, Ostermann T, et al. Iyengar yoga compared to exercise in women with stage I‐III breast cancer: Feasibility of therapeutic interventions during adjuvant cytotoxic or endocrine therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2013;31(15):e20623. [CRSREF: 3244155]
Petrella 2012 {published data only}
    1. Petrella TM, Laredo S, Oh P, Marzolini S, Warner E, Dent R, et al. A pilot study evaluating the benefits and feasibility of an exercise program for breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Research 2012;72(24):P2‐12.

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12614000051640 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12614000051640. Preventing ‘chemo‐brain’: Can exercise mitigate chemotherapy‐induced cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients?. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=365594 (accessed 28 October 2015).
NCT01943695 {published data only}
    1. NCT01943695. Supervised aerobic training during or after adjuvant therapy for operable breast cancer. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01943695 (accessed 28 October 2015).
NCT02117011 {published data only}
    1. NCT02117011. Effects of a structured exercise program on cancer‐related fatigue in women receiving radiation therapy for breast cancer. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02117011 (accessed 28 October 2015).
NCT02159157 {published data only}
    1. NCT02159157. A randomized, controlled trial to determine the effects of an exercise intervention on physical activity during chemotherapy for patients with early stage breast cancer. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02159157 (accessed 28 October 2015).
NCT02240836 {published data only}
    1. NCT02240836. Energy Balance and Breast Cancer Aspects‐II (EBBA‐II). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02240836 (accessed 28 October 2015).
NCT02252991 {published data only}
    1. NCT02252991. Adaptated Physical Activity in Cancerology (APACAN). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02252991 (accessed 28 October 2015).
NCT02350582 {published data only}
    1. NCT02350582. e‐CUIDACHEMO: Telerehabilitation during chemotherapy in breast cancer. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02350582 (accessed 28 October 2015).

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References to other published versions of this review

Markes 2006
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