Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2016 Oct;42 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S211-S218.
doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000849.

Development and Validation of a Photonumeric Scale for Assessment of Chin Retrusion

Jonathan M Sykes  1 , Alastair Carruthers, Bhushan Hardas, Diane K Murphy, Derek Jones, Jean Carruthers, Lisa Donofrio, Lela Creutz, Ann Marx, Sara Dill
Affiliations

Development and Validation of a Photonumeric Scale for Assessment of Chin Retrusion

Jonathan M Sykes et al. Dermatol Surg. 2016 Oct.

Abstract

Background: A validated scale is needed for objective and reproducible comparisons of chin appearance before and after chin augmentation in practice and clinical studies.

Objective: To describe the development and validation of the 5-point photonumeric Allergan Chin Retrusion Scale.

Methods: The Allergan Chin Retrusion Scale was developed to include an assessment guide, verbal descriptors, morphed images, and real subject images for each scale grade. The clinical significance of a 1-point score difference was evaluated in a review of multiple image pairs representing varying differences in severity. Interrater and intrarater reliability was evaluated in a live-subject validation study (N = 298) completed during 2 sessions occurring 3 weeks apart.

Results: A difference of ≥1 point on the scale was shown to reflect a clinically meaningful difference (mean [95% confidence interval] absolute score difference, 1.07 [0.94-1.20] for clinically different image pairs and 0.51 [0.39-0.63] for not clinically different pairs). Intrarater agreement between the 2 live-subject validation sessions was substantial (mean weighted kappa = 0.79). Interrater agreement was substantial during the second rating session (0.68, primary end point).

Conclusion: The Allergan Chin Retrusion Scale is a validated and reliable scale for physician rating of severity of chin retrusion.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

B. Hardas, A. Marx, and D.K. Murphy are employees of Allergan plc. L. Creutz provided medical writing services at the request of the authors, which was funded by Allergan plc. The remaining authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Development and validation processes for the Allergan Chin Retrusion Scale.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Assessment guide for the Allergan Chin Retrusion Scale.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
The Allergan Chin Retrusion Scale assigns a grade from none (0) to extreme (4) that describes the degree of the chin's placement posterior to the normal position, as defined in the diagram in the upper right corner.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Bertossi D, Galzignato PF, Albanese M, Botti C, et al. Chin microgenia: a clinical comparative study. Aesthet Plast Surg 2015;39:651–8. - PubMed
    1. Mittelman H, Spencer JR, Chrzanowski DS. Chin region: management of grooves and mandibular hypoplasia with alloplastic implants. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2007;15:445–60; vi. - PubMed
    1. Khosravanifard B, Rakhshan V, Raeesi E. Factors influencing attractiveness of soft tissue profile. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013;115:29–37. - PubMed
    1. Naini FB, Donaldson AN, McDonald F, Cobourne MT. Assessing the influence of chin prominence on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician and layperson. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;41:839–46. - PubMed
    1. Modarai F, Donaldson JC, Naini FB. The influence of lower lip position on the perceived attractiveness of chin prominence. Angle Orthod 2013;83:795–800. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types