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Review
. 2016 Sep 27;9(9):CD007380.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007380.pub4.

Psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence

Xavier Castells  1 , Ruth Cunill, Clara Pérez-Mañá, Xavier Vidal, Dolors Capellà
Affiliations
Review

Psychostimulant drugs for cocaine dependence

Xavier Castells et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Cocaine dependence is a severe disorder for which no medication has been approved. Like opioids for heroin dependence, replacement therapy with psychostimulants could be an effective therapy for treatment.

Objectives: To assess the effects of psychostimulants for cocaine abuse and dependence. Specific outcomes include sustained cocaine abstinence and retention in treatment. We also studied the influence of type of drug and comorbid disorders on psychostimulant efficacy.

Search methods: This is an update of the review previously published in 2010. For this updated review, we searched the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO up to 15 February 2016. We handsearched references of obtained articles and consulted experts in the field.

Selection criteria: We included randomised parallel group controlled clinical trials comparing the efficacy of a psychostimulant drug versus placebo.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.

Main results: We included 26 studies involving 2366 participants. The included studies assessed nine drugs: bupropion, dexamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil, mazindol, methamphetamine, mixed amphetamine salts and selegiline. We did not consider any study to be at low risk of bias for all domains included in the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool. Attrition bias was the most frequently suspected potential source of bias of the included studies. We found very low quality evidence that psychostimulants improved sustained cocaine abstinence (risk ratio (RR) 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05 to 1.77, P = 0.02), but they did not reduce cocaine use (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.16, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.33) among participants who continued to use it. Furthermore, we found moderate quality evidence that psychostimulants did not improve retention in treatment (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.06). The proportion of adverse event-induced dropouts and cardiovascular adverse event-induced dropouts was similar for psychostimulants and placebo (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.01; RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.01, respectively). When we included the type of drug as a moderating variable, the proportion of patients achieving sustained cocaine abstinence was higher with bupropion and dexamphetamine than with placebo. Psychostimulants also appeared to increase the proportion of patients achieving sustained cocaine and heroin abstinence amongst methadone-maintained, dual heroin-cocaine addicts. Retention to treatment was low, though, so our results may be compromised by attrition bias. We found no evidence of publication bias.

Authors' conclusions: This review found mixed results. Psychostimulants improved cocaine abstinence compared to placebo in some analyses but did not improve treatment retention. Since treatment dropout was high, we cannot rule out the possibility that these results were influenced by attrition bias. Existing evidence does not clearly demonstrate the efficacy of any pharmacological treatment for cocaine dependence, but substitution treatment with psychostimulants appears promising and deserves further investigation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

XC: none known.

RC: none known.

CP: none known.

XV: none known.

DC: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, outcome: 1.1 Cocaine use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of cocaine‐free urinalyses across the study per patient.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, outcome: 1.2 Sustained cocaine abstinence.
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, outcome: 1.3 Number of patients who finished the study.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, outcome: 1.1 Cocaine use by means of urine screen.
8
8
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, outcome: 1.2 Sustained cocaine abstinence.
9
9
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, outcome: 1.3 Number of patients who finished the study (retention).
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 1 Cocaine use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of cocaine‐free urinalyses across the study per patient.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 2 Sustained cocaine abstinence.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 3 Number of patients who finished the study.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 4 Self‐reported cocaine use.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 5 Cocaine craving.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 6 Patient‐rated CGI severity scale.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 7 Investigator‐rated CGI severity scale.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 8 Patient‐rated CGI improvement scale.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 9 CGI investigator change.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 10 CGI investigator improvement: 1 or 2.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 11 Depression symptoms severity.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 12 Heroin use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of heroin‐free urinalyses across the study per patient.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 13 Sustained heroin abstinence.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 14 ADHD severity.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 15 Dropouts due to any adverse events.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 16 Dropouts due to cardiovascular adverse events.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Psychostimulants vs placebo: primary analysis, Outcome 17 Serious adverse events.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: type of drug, Outcome 1 Cocaine use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of cocaine‐free urinalyses across the study per patient.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: type of drug, Outcome 2 Sustained cocaine abstinence.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: type of drug, Outcome 3 Number of patients who finished the study.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: type of drug, Outcome 4 Cocaine craving.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: type of drug, Outcome 5 Depression symptoms severity.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: type of drug, Outcome 6 Heroin use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of heroin‐free urinalyses across the study per patient.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: type of drug, Outcome 7 Sustained heroin abstinence.
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: type of drug, Outcome 8 ADHD severity.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: type of drug, Outcome 9 Dropouts due to any adverse events.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: type of drug, Outcome 10 Dropouts due to cardiovascular adverse events.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: type of drug, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: definition of cocaine use disorder, Outcome 1 Cocaine use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of cocaine‐free urinalyses across the study per patient.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: definition of cocaine use disorder, Outcome 2 Sustained cocaine abstinence.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: definition of cocaine use disorder, Outcome 3 Number of patients who finished the study.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: definition of cocaine use disorder, Outcome 4 Cocaine craving.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: definition of cocaine use disorder, Outcome 5 Depressive symptoms severity.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: definition of cocaine use disorder, Outcome 6 Heroin use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of heroin‐free urinalyses across the study per patient.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: definition of cocaine use disorder, Outcome 7 Sustained heroin abstinence.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: definition of cocaine use disorder, Outcome 8 ADHD severity.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: definition of cocaine use disorder, Outcome 9 Dropouts due to any adverse events.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: definition of cocaine use disorder, Outcome 10 Dropouts due to cardiovascular adverse events.
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis: definition of cocaine use disorder, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: comorbid ADHD as inclusion criterion, Outcome 1 Cocaine use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of cocaine‐free urinalyses across the study per patient.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: comorbid ADHD as inclusion criterion, Outcome 2 Sustained cocaine abstinence.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: comorbid ADHD as inclusion criterion, Outcome 3 Number of patients who finished the study.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: comorbid ADHD as inclusion criterion, Outcome 4 Cocaine craving.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: comorbid ADHD as inclusion criterion, Outcome 5 Depressive symptoms severity.
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: comorbid ADHD as inclusion criterion, Outcome 6 Heroin use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of heroin‐free urinalyses across the study per patient.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: comorbid ADHD as inclusion criterion, Outcome 7 Sustained heroin abstinence.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: comorbid ADHD as inclusion criterion, Outcome 8 ADHD severity.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: comorbid ADHD as inclusion criterion, Outcome 9 Dropouts due to any adverse events.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: comorbid ADHD as inclusion criterion, Outcome 10 Dropouts due to cardiovascular adverse events.
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis: comorbid ADHD as inclusion criterion, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: Comorbid opioid dependence as inclusion criterion, Outcome 1 Cocaine use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of cocaine‐free urinalyses across the study per patient.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: Comorbid opioid dependence as inclusion criterion, Outcome 2 Sustained cocaine abstinence.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: Comorbid opioid dependence as inclusion criterion, Outcome 3 Number of patients who finished the study.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: Comorbid opioid dependence as inclusion criterion, Outcome 4 Cocaine craving.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: Comorbid opioid dependence as inclusion criterion, Outcome 5 Depression symptoms severity.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: Comorbid opioid dependence as inclusion criterion, Outcome 6 Heroin use assessed by the mean (SD) proportion of heroin‐free urinalyses across the study per patient.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: Comorbid opioid dependence as inclusion criterion, Outcome 7 Sustained heroin abstinence.
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: Comorbid opioid dependence as inclusion criterion, Outcome 8 ADHD severity.
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: Comorbid opioid dependence as inclusion criterion, Outcome 9 Dropouts due to any adverse events.
5.10
5.10. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: Comorbid opioid dependence as inclusion criterion, Outcome 10 Dropouts due to cardiovascular adverse events.
5.11
5.11. Analysis
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis: Comorbid opioid dependence as inclusion criterion, Outcome 11 Serious adverse events.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Psychostimulants vs placebo: sensitivity analyses of the safety measures, Outcome 1 Dropouts due to any adverse events.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Psychostimulants vs placebo: sensitivity analyses of the safety measures, Outcome 2 Dropouts due to cardiovascular adverse events.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Mooney 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Mooney 2015 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Morgan 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Perry 2004 {published and unpublished data}
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References to studies excluded from this review

Afshar 2012 {published data only}
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Kaleschtein 2013 {published data only}
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Levin 1999 {published data only}
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Levin 2006 {published data only}
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Levin 2008 {published data only}
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Magee 2015 {published data only}
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Magee 2016 {published data only}
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Margolin 1991 {published data only}
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Mariani 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mariani JJ, Pavlicova M, Bisaga A, Nunes EV, Brooks DJ, Levin FR. Extended‐release mixed amphetamine salts and topiramate for cocaine dependence: a randomized controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry 2012;72(11):950‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Moeller 2011 {published data only}
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Moeller 2014 {published data only}
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Montoya 1994 {published data only}
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Mooney 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mooney ME, Poling J, Gonzalez G, Gonsai K, Kosten T, Sofluoglu M. Preliminary study of buprenorphine and bupropion for opioid dependent smokers. American Journal on Addictions 2008;17(4):287‐92. - PMC - PubMed
Morgan 2010 {published data only}
    1. Morgan PT, Pace‐Schott E, Pittman B, Stickgold R, Malison RT. Normalizing effects of modafinil on sleep in chronic cocaine users. American Journal of Psychiatry 2010;167(3):331‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Nuitjen 2015 {published data only}
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Ollo 1996 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

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References to other published versions of this review

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