Extreme weather events in developing countries and related injuries and mental health disorders - a systematic review

Abstract

Background: Due to climate change, extreme weather events have an incremental impact on human health. Injuries and mental health disorders are a particular burden of disease, which is broadly investigated in high income countries. Most distressed populations are, however, those in developing countries. Therefore, this study investigates mental and physical health impacts arising from extreme weather events in these populations.

Method: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), injury [primary outcomes], anxiety and depressive disorders [secondary outcomes], caused by weather extremes were systematically analyzed in people of developing countries. A systematic review of observational studies was conducted searching six databases, complemented by hand search, and utilizing two search engines. Review processing was done independently by two reviewers. Prevalence rates were analyzed in a pre/post design; an additional semi-structured search was conducted, to provide reference data for studies not incorporating reference values.

Results: All 17 identified studies (70,842 individuals) indicate a disease increase, compared to the reference data. Increase ranges from 0.7-52.6 % for PTSD, and from 0.3-37.3 % for injury. No studies on droughts and heatwaves were identified. All studies were conducted in South America and Asia.

Conclusion: There is an increased burden of psychological diseases and injury. This finding needs to be incorporated into activities of prevention, preparedness and general health care of those developing countries increasingly experiencing extreme weather events. There is also a gap in research in Africa (in quantity and quality) of studies in this field and a predominant heterogeneity of health assessment tools. PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42014009109.

Fig. 1

PRISMA flow chart

Fig. 2

Risk of bias in cross sectional studies

Fig. 3

Risk of bias in cohort studies

Fig. 4

Pre/post analysis of PTSD prevalence in cross sectional and cohort° studies (*data not available; **according to GBD [19])

Fig. 5

Pre/post analysis of injury prevalence in cross sectional and cohort* studies (** according to [46])

Fig. 6

Pre/post analysis of anxiety prevalence in cross sectional and cohort* studies (**data not available; ***according to [47])

Fig. 7

Pre/post analysis of depression prevalence in cross sectional and cohort° studies (*data not available; **according to GBD [19])