Long noncoding RNAs in the progression, metastasis, and prognosis of osteosarcoma

Abstract

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-protein-coding molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that are involved in the development and progression of many types of tumors. Numerous lncRNAs regulate cell proliferation, metastasis, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Osteosarcoma is one of the main bone tumor subtypes that poses a serious threat to adolescent health. We summarized how lncRNAs regulate osteosarcoma progression, invasion, and drug resistance, as well as how lncRNAs can function as biomarkers or independent prognostic indicators with respect to osteosarcoma therapy.

Figure 1

Biological processes are regulated by lncRNAs, and several regulatory mechanisms are shown

Figure 2

Osteosarcoma cell proliferation is regulated by lncRNAs, including H19, MALAT1, ANCR, and PACER. These osteosarcoma-related lncRNAs are involved in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and Hh/Yap1 signaling pathway

Figure 3

Tumor invasion and metastasis is a multilink, multistep complex process. Tumor cells at primary tumor sites invade surrounding tissues, migrate through the blood or lymph and localize in distal targeted tissues. This process is divided into the following five stages: invasion, intravasation, dissemination, extravasation, and colonization

Figure 4

Osteosarcoma invasion and metastasis is regulated by lncRNAs, such as MALAT1, SNHG12, HOTAIR, FGFR3-AS1, and HIF2PUT. MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion is regulated by the Erk1/2, JNK1/2, P38, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Osteosarcoma cell invasion is regulated by MMP-2 and MMP-9