Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Application of Screen-Printed Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Based on Carbon Materials for Biomedical, Agri-Food and Environmental Analyses

Abstract

This review describes recent advances in the fabrication of electrochemical (bio)sensors based on screen-printing technology involving carbon materials and their application in biomedical, agri-food and environmental analyses. It will focus on the various strategies employed in the fabrication of screen-printed (bio)sensors, together with their performance characteristics; the application of these devices for the measurement of selected naturally occurring biomolecules, environmental pollutants and toxins will be discussed.

Keywords: Environmental; agri-food; amperometry; biomedical; biosensor; screen-printed; voltammetry.

Figure 1

Schematic illustration of glucose oxidase paper disc preparation and integration with the prussian blue-screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE). Adapted from [13].

Figure 2

Schematic displaying the interaction between the immobilized enzyme GLDH and glutamate at the surface of the electrode and the subsequent generation of the analytical response. Reproduced with permission from [22].

Figure 3

A schematic diagram displaying the layer-by-layer drop coating fabrication procedure used to construct the reagentless glutamate biosensor, based on a MB-SPCE electrode. Reproduced with permission from [24].

Figure 4

The reaction scheme of L-ascorbic acid at a polyaniline (PANI)-SPCE. Adapted from [40].

Figure 5

Cyclic voltammograms of 1.0 mM ascorbic acid (a), 1.0 mM dopamine (b), 1.0 mM uric acid at a screen printed electrode (A) and a screen-printed graphene electrode (SPGNE) (B). Supporting electrolyte: 0.1 M phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.0). Scan rate 50 mV/s. Adapted from [46].

Figure 6

(A) Sensor connected to electronic hardware for data acquisition; (B) Schematic diagram of membrane role, with SEM image of nylon-6 coating; (C) Photograph demonstrating the in-situ analysis of ascorbic acid in fruit. Adapted from [50].

Figure 7

(A) Schematic representation of the method used to prepare a monovalent half-antibody/gold nanoparticles/screen printed graphene electrode electrochemical immunosensor and its mechanism of operation; (B) Schematic representation of the preparation of an antibody/anti-biotion antibody/screen printed graphene electrode electrochemical immunosensor and its mechanism of operation (drawing not to scale). Adapted from [57].

Figure 8

(a) Electrode array comprising 12 screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPC) and an Ag/AgCl counter/reference electrode printed on an alumina substrate; (b) array in the prototype biosensor system operating in the field powered from a car battery via the lighter socket. Reproduced with permission [81].