Inappropriate bradycardia in Ebola virus disease

Abstract

Background: As part of French assistance for the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in west Africa, a military treatment center for infected healthcare workers was deployed in Conakry, Guinea. Although some cases of bradycardia have been reported since the first Ebola outbreak, they have never been documented to our knowledge. We studied heart rhythm in patients with Ebola virus disease to analyze inappropriate bradycardia and discuss its mechanism.

Methods: Nine patients who tested positive for Ebola were admitted in March 2015. Baseline clinical data were noted at admission and twice a day during follow-up, and laboratory analyses (with troponin testing) were performed.

Results: At admission, patients had no or moderate tachycardia (pulse = 82 ± 27 bpm). Among them, a 32-year-old midwife admitted on her fourth day of symptoms had marked bradycardia: 43 bpm. ECG showed sinus bradycardia with no conduction disturbances or repolarization anomalies; findings were similar for the three other patients with bradycardia (< 60 bpm). During follow-up, her pulse gradually increased, as it did for the other three; all four recovered.

Discussion: Despite several factors likely to promote tachycardia, we observed no or only moderate tachycardia in all patients with Ebola. In our study, ECG recorded sinus rhythm, without significant node dysfunction or atrioventricular block. In the absence of any evidence of myocarditis, we discuss the possibility of a central nervous system cause, associated with encephalitis.

Conclusion: We observed relative or marked bradycardia in our patients infected with Ebola. We hypothesize that its causal mechanism was encephalitis.

Keywords: Ebola virus; Guinea; bradycardia; electrocardiogram; mechanisms.