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. 2016 Oct 5:6:34429.
doi: 10.1038/srep34429.

New low-flux mixed matrix membranes that offer superior removal of protein-bound toxins from human plasma

Denys Pavlenko  1 , Esmée van Geffen  1   2 , Mies J van Steenbergen  3 , Griet Glorieux  4 , Raymond Vanholder  4 , Karin G F Gerritsen  2 , Dimitrios Stamatialis  1
Affiliations

New low-flux mixed matrix membranes that offer superior removal of protein-bound toxins from human plasma

Denys Pavlenko et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Hemodialysis is a widely available and well-established treatment for patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). However, although life-sustaining, patient mortality rates are very high. Several recent studies corroborated the link between dialysis patients' outcomes and elevated levels of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUT) that are poorly removed by conventional hemodialysis. Therefore, new treatments are needed to improve their removal. Recently, our group showed that the combination of dialysis and adsorption on one membrane, the mixed matrix membrane (MMM), can effectively remove those toxins from human plasma. However, these first MMMs were rather large in diameter and their mass transport characteristics needed improvement before application in the clinical setting. Therefore, in this study we developed a new generation of MMMs that have a smaller diameter and optimized characteristics offering superior ability in removing the PBUT indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) in comparison to first generation MMMs (30 and 125% respectively), as well as, a commercial dialysis membrane (more than 100% better removal).

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Scanning electron microscopy images of double layer mixed matrix membranes (see Table 1 for details of fabrication).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Comparison of the creatinine removal of mixed matrix membrane (dotted line) vs industrial membrane (solid line).
The error bars indicate standard deviation of single experiment using multiple modules (n = 4).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Removal of protein-bound toxins by F8HPS and mixed matrix membrane over time
. Error bars indicate standard deviation of one experiments using multiple modules (n = 4).
Figure 4
Figure 4. Removal of protein-bound toxins as a function of membrane permeability taken from multiple studies,.
Ultrafiltration coefficients represent the type of membrane used in the studies. Some studies used different membranes to evaluate the influence of ultrafiltration coefficient on the PBUT removal. Others used same membranes under the varying conditions, such as 4 and 8 hours of dialysis treatment.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Schematic of the hollow fiber spinning set-up.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Schematic of the experimental set-up (drawing by Convergence).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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